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A cultural continuity and spatial homogeneity for this entire historical geography ("the Great Tradition") is popularly assumed, though the assumption is problematic. Mesopotamia housed some of the world's most ancient states with highly developed social complexity. The region was famous as one of the four riverine civilizations where writing was first invented. |
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| It is the earliest known civilization in the world and is known as the Cradle of Civilization. The Sumerian civilization spanned over three-thousand years. |
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| also known as Sargon the Great "The Great King" was an Akkadian emperor famous for his conquest of theSumerian city-states in the 24th and 23rd centuries BC. The founder of the Dynasty of Akkad, Sargon reigned from 2334 to 2279 BC. Sargon is the first individual in recorded history to create a multiethnic, centrally ruledempire, and his dynasty controlled Mesopotamia for around a century and a half. |
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| was the sixth king of Babylon. He became the first king of theBabylonian Empire, extending Babylon's control over Mesopotamia by winning a series of wars against neighboring kingdoms. Although his empire controlled all of Mesopotamia at the time of his death, his successors were unable to maintain his empire. |
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| was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BCE to 5700 BCE. It is the largest and best preserved Neolithic site found to date. |
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| a civilization in Lower Mesopotamia, with Babylon as its capital. Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi created an empire out of the territories of the former kingdoms ofSumer and Akkad. The Amorites being a Semitic people, Babylonia adopted the written Semitic Akkadian language for official use, and retained the Sumerian language for religious use, which by that time was no longer a spoken language. |
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| son of Esarhaddon and the last great king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire(668 B.C. – c. 627 B.C.).He established the first systematically organized library in the ancient Middle East, |
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| were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia ca. |
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| a civilization centered on the Upper Tigris river, in Mesopotamia, that came to rule regional empires a number of times in history. It was named for its original capital, |
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| was the king of the Babylonian Empirefrom about 1125 BC. to 1103 BC. He is considered to be the greatest king of the Dynasty of Pashe, a line which held the Babylonian throne through 12th century BC. His greatest success was re-establishing the Babylonian lands by driving out the Elamite invaders who had taken over much of the territory. |
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| inhabitants of Lydia, a region in western Anatolia. Their capital was at Sardis. Their recorded history of statehood, which covers three dynasties,manyak,sharmoot,haywaan came to an abrubt end after a military defeat in the 6th century BC, while the account of their roots, mixed with legends, reaches before the first millennium BC, and their culture lasted, in all probability, until at least shortly before the Common Era. |
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| modern day Lebanon, was an ancient civilizationcentered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal regions of modern dayLebanon, extending to parts of Israel, Syria and Palestine. Phoenician civilization was an enterprisingmaritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean during the period 1550 BCE to 300 BCE. |
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| Started in modern day Israel. a group of people same religion |
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| nder his own rule that the empire embraced all previous civilized states of the ancient Near East,expanded vastly, and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of Central Asia, from Egypt and the Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, to create the largest empire the world had yet seen. |
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| He managed not only to “hold together the empire” , but also to extend the empire founded by Cyrus the Great in all directions; east into the Indus valley, north against the Saka tribes, and west into Thrace andMacedon. His reign lasted 35 years and completed the work of his Achaemenian predecessors. Under Darius and the generation he belonged to, Achaemenid Iran became the greatest power in the world arguably, Earth's first solesuperpower in relation to the then known world. |
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Xerxes was the son of Darius the Great and his wife Atossa. He succeeded his father in 486 BC with a very smooth transition of power challenged by no subject nation of the huge Achaemenid empire.
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Indian River Valley Civilization
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| The mature phase of this civilization is known as the Harappan Civilization as the first of its cities to be unearthed was the one at Harappa, excavated in the 1920s. Not much known about it |
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| The Indus Valley civilization (also known as Harappan culture) has its earliest roots in cultures such as that ofMehrgarh, approximately 6000 BC. The two greatest cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, emerged circa 2600 BC along the Indus River valley |
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| as one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization of south Asia situated in the province of Sind, Pakistan. Built around 2600 BCE, the city was one of the early urban settlements in the world, existing at the same time as the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Crete. |
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| Throughout history it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and South Asia and astrategic military location. |
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| A Mix With Harappans to produce new, hybrid culture forms |
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| a spiritual teacher in the north eastern region of the Indian subcontinent who taught universal law of nature or simply dhamma and or dharma. He is regarded by Buddhists as the Supreme Buddha |
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| The Mauryan Empire was one of the largest empires to rule the Indian subcontinent. Its decline began 60 years after Ashoka's rule ended, and it dissolved in 185 BC with the foundation of the Sunga Dynasty in Magadha. |
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| Indian Emperor of the Mauryan empire in the third century BC,often called emperor of all ages |
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| an Ancient Indian empire which existed approximately from 320 to 550 CE and covered much of the Indian Subcontinent. Founded by Maharaja Sri-Gupta, the dynasty began the Classical Age in the Middle kingdoms of India. |
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| Ishwar Chandra Gupta was brought up in his uncle's house after the death of his mother. Gupta spent most of his childhood in Kolkata. At that time, poets were named Kobiwala and the kobiwalas were not so civilized in language. Sexual words and clashes were common. But Ishwar Chandra Gupta created a different style of poetry. |
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| are an ethnic groupnative to Tamil Nadu, a state in India, and the north-eastern region of Sri Lanka. They speak Tamil |
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| an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of theNile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia |
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| Many people believe that Aha was actually King Menes of Memphis. Menes was the founding king of the 1st Dynasty, and was the first king to unify Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom. |
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| the fifthpharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty of Ancient Egypt. She is generally regarded by Egyptologists as one of the most successful pharaohs, reigning longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty. |
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| It was one of the earliest civilizations to develop in the Nile River Valley. Having also been referred to as Nubia, and as "Ethiopia" in ancient Greek and Greco-Roman records |
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| a city in northern Ethiopia which was the original capital of the eponymous kingdom ofAxum. Axum was a naval and trading power that ruled the region from ca. 400 BC into the 10th century |
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| some people who were nomadic but changed their ways to agraculture, while other bantu stayed nomadic. also traviled and spread their language and knowledge of iron. |
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the original site of Djenné, Mali and considered to be among the oldest urbanized centers in sub-Saharan Africa. It has been dated to the 3rd century BCE. There is evidence of iron-production, use of domesticated plants and animals, and complex heterarchical urban development as early as 900 CE.
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| appeared in Nigeria around 1000 B.C. and mysteriously vanished around 200 AD. The civilization’s social system is thought to have been highly advanced. The Nok civilization was considered to be the earliest sub-Saharanproducer of life-sized Terracotta. Nok culture terracottas are heralded as the prime evidence of the refinement of African civilizations. |
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| he world's largest hot desert. At over 9,000,000 square kilometres, it covers most of Northern Africa, making it almost as large as the United States or the continent of Europe. The desert stretches from the Red Sea, including parts of the Mediterranean coasts, to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean. |
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| Nubia is the homeland of one of Africa's earliest black civilizations, with a history which can be traced from 2000 B.C. onward through Nubian monuments and artifacts as well as written records from Egypt and Rome. In antiquity, Nubia was a land of great natural wealth, of gold mines, ebony, ivory and incense which was always prized by her neighbors. |
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| archaeological evidence which shows that humans have lived in what is present day Ghana from about 1500 BC. Nonetheless, there is no proof that those early dwellers are related to the current inhabitants of the area. Oral tradition has it that many of Ghana's current ethnic groups such as the multi-ethnic Akan, the Ga and the Ewe arrived |
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| the name of an ancient city on the east bank of the Nile about 6 km north-east of the Kabushiya station near Shendi, Sudan, approximately 200 km north-east of Khartoum. Near the site are a group of villages called Bagrawiyah. This city was the capital of the Kingdom of Kush for several centuries. |
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| The Polynesian people are considered to be by ancestry a subset of the sea-migrating Austronesian people and the tracing of Polynesian languages places theirprehistoric origins in the Malay archipelago. |
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Chinese River Valley Civilization
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| Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River valley in the Neolithic era. The written history of China begins with the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1550 BCE - ca. 1046 BCE). Turtle shells with ancientChinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have been carbon dated to as early as 1500 BCE. The origins of Chinese culture, literature and philosophy, developed during theZhou Dynasty (1045 BCE to 256 BCE) that followed the Shang. It was the longest lasting dynasty and spans the period in which the written script evolved from ancient oracle script to the beginnings of modern Chinese writing. |
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| the second Chinese dynasty, after the Xia Dynasty. They ruled in the northeastern regions of the area known as "China proper", in theYellow River valley. According to the chronology based upon calculations by Liu Xin, the Shang ruled between 1766 BCand 1122 BC, however according to the chronology based upon the Bamboo Annals, it is between 1556 BC and 1046 BC. |
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| followed theShang Dynasty and was followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. The Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history—though the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty only lasted during the Western Zhou. During the Zhou, the use of iron was introduced to China, while this period of Chinese history produced what many consider the zenith of Chinese bronze-ware making. |
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a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese andVietnamthought and life. His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice andsincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism or Taoism during the Han Dynasty
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| the ruling Chinese dynasty between 221 and 206 BC. The Qin state was named because the people of is homeland were called the qin. The Qin's strength had been consolidated by Lord Shang Yang during the Warring States Period, in the 4th century BC. In the early third century BC, the Qin accomplished a series of swift conquests; the state subjugated the Chu, remnants of the Zhou Dynasty, and various other states to gain undisputed control of China. |
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| king of the ChineseState of Qin from 246 BCE to 221 BCE during the Warring States Period. He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BCE. He ruled until his death in 210 BCE at the age of 50. |
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| a philosopher of ancient China and is a central figure in Taoism. Laozi literally means "Old Master" and is generally considered an honorific. Laozi is revered simply as a wise man in philosophical forms of Taoism, but revered as a god in religious forms of Taoism, much like The Buddhais regarded differently by the religious and philosophical schools of Buddhism.Taishang Laojun is a title for Laozi in the Taoist religion, which refers to him as "One of the Three Pure Ones" |
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| the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–265 CE). It was founded by the peasant rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE–9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. |
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| the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty in modern day mainland China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under his reign, as well as the strong and centralized Confucian state he organized. He is cited in Chinese history as the greatest emperor of the Han dynasty and one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history. Emperor Wu's effective governance made the Han Dynasty one of the, if not the most powerful, nations in the world. |
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| The Huns were a group of nomadic pastoral people who, appearing from beyond the Volga, migrated into Europe c.AD 370 and built up an enormous empire in Europe. They were possibly the descendants of the Xiongnu who had been northern neighbours of China three hundred years before and may be the first expansion of Turkic people across Eurasia. |
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followed by the Tang Dynasty and preceded by the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. It ended nearly four centuries of division between rival regimes. The Sui Dynasty, founded by Emperor Wen
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| an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire. The dynasty was interrupted briefly by the Second Zhou Dynasty when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne, becoming the first and only Chineseempress regnant, ruling in her own right. |
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Classical Greece and Hellenic Culture
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| the civilisation belonging to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca. 1100 BC and the Dorian invasion, to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece after theBattle of Corinth. It is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation ofWestern civilization and shaped cultures throughout Southwest Asia and North Africa. Greek culture had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, |
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| a prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the city's Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. He was descended, through his mother, from the powerful and historically influential Alcmaeonid family. |
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| an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and elegiac poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy. |
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| a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508 BC or 507 BC. For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as "the father of Athenian democracy." He was the maternal grandson of the tyrant Cleisthenes of Sicyon, as the younger son of the latter's daughter Agariste and her husband Megacles. |
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| a Classical Greekphilosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known only through the classical accounts of his students. Plato's dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity. |
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| a ClassicalGreek philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of natural philosophy, science, and Western philosophy. Plato was originally a student of Socrates, and was as much influenced by his thinking as by what he saw as his teacher's unjust death. |
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| a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates, Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. He was the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics. |
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| legendary ancient Greek epic poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. The ancient Greeks generally believed that Homer was a historical individual, but modern scholars are skeptical: no reliable biographical information has been handed down from classical antiquity. |
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| Macedonia is the largest and second most populous Greek region. The region and that of Thrace are often together referred to informally as northern Greece. |
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| an ancient Greek king of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336. He was the father of Alexander the Great and Philip III. |
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| an Ancient Greek king ofMacedon who created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander succeeded his father Philip II of Macedon to the throne in 336 BC after the King was assassinated, and died 13 years later at the age of 32. Whilst both Alexander's reign and empire were short-lived, the cultural impact of his conquests lasted for centuries. Alexander is one of the most well known figures of antiquity, and is remembered for his tactical ability, his conquests, and for spreading Greek civilization into the east. |
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| Alexandria was founded by Alexander in April 331 BC. Alexander's chief architect for the project was Dinocrates. Alexandria was intended to supersede Naucratis as aHellenistic center in Egypt, and to be the link between Greece and the rich Nile Valley. An Egyptian townlet, Rhakotis, already existed on the shore, was a resort filled with fishermen and pirates, and later gave its name to Alexandria in the Egyptian language |
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| a city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the River Eurotas in the southern part of the Peloponnese. From c. 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military power in the region and as such was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars. |
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| a Greek historianwho lived in the 5th century BC (c. 484 BC – c. 425 BC) and is regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture. He was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative. |
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| a Roman citizen of Greek ancestry. He was a mathematician, astronomer,geographer, astrologer and a poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under the Roman Empire, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. He died in Alexandriaaround AD 168. |
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| an Ionian Greek philosopher and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. He is often revered as a great mathematician, mystic and scientist; however some have questioned the scope of his contributions to mathematics and natural philosophy. |
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| a prominent Greek physician and philosopher and probably the most accomplished medical researcher of the Roman period. His theories dominated and influenced Western medical science for well over a millennium. His account of medical anatomy was based on monkeys as human dissection was not permitted in his time, but it was unsurpassed until the printed description and illustrations of human dissections by Andreas Vesalius in 1543. |
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| an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the canonical list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life. The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired throughout antiquity, has been lost, but her immense reputation has endured through surviving fragments. |
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a classical Roman poet, best known for three major works—the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneid—although several minor poems are also attributed to him. The son of a farmer, Virgil came to be regarded as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid can be considered anational epic of Rome and has been extremely popular from its publication to the present day.
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| The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a republican form of government. It began with the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, c. 509 BC, and lasted over 450 years until its subversion, through a series of civil wars, into the Principate form of government and the Imperial period. |
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| a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BC.They were probably the largest wars yet of the ancient world.[2] The term Punic comes from the Latinword Punicus, meaning "Carthaginian", with reference to the Carthaginians' Phoenicianancestry. |
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| a Carthaginian military commander and tactician who is popularly credited as one of the most talented commanders in history. His father Hamilcar Barca was the leading Carthaginian commander during theFirst Punic War, his younger brothers were Mago and Hasdrubal, and he was brother-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair. |
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| Caesar made use of popularist tactics. During the late 60s and into the 50s BC, he formed political alliances that led to the so-called "First Triumvirate," an extra-legal arrangement with Marcus Licinius Crassus andGnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. |
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| The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean.The term is used to describe the Roman state during and after the time of the first emperor, Augustus. The nearly 500-year-old Roman Republic, which preceded it, had been weakened by several civil wars. Several events are commonly proposed to mark the transition from Republic to Empire,. |
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Caesar Augustus (Octavian)
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| the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. In 27 BC the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus, and thus consequently he was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus.[note 2] Because of the various names he bore, it is common to call him Octavius when referring to events between 63 and 44 BC, Octavian (or Octavianus) when referring to events between 44 and 27 BC, and Augustus when referring to events after 27 BC. |
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| was Roman Emperor from 20 November 284 to 1 May 305. Born to a Dalmatian family of low status, he rose through the ranks of the military to become cavalry commander to the emperor Carus. After the deaths of Carus and his son Numerian on campaign in Persia, Diocletian was acclaimed emperor by the army. A brief confrontation with Carus' other surviving sonCarinus at the Battle of the Margus removed the only other claimant to the title. |
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| was Roman emperor from 306, and the sole holder of that office from 324 until his death in 337. Best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine reversed the persecutions of his predecessor, Diocletian, and issued (with his co-emperor Licinius) the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimedreligious toleration throughout the empire. |
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| was Roman Emperor from 379 to 395. Reuniting the eastern and western portions of the empire, Theodosius was the last emperor of both the Eastern andWestern Roman Empire. After his death, the two parts split permanently. He is also known for makingNicene Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire. |
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| a Latin church father, is one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity. Augustine was heavily influenced by the Neo-Platonism of Plotinus. He framed the concepts of original sin and just war. When the Roman Empire in the West was starting to disintegrate, Augustine developed the concept of the Church as a spiritual City of God (in a book of the same name) distinct from the material City of Man |
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| Cicero is generally perceived to be one of the most versatile minds of ancient Rome. He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary, distinguishing himself as alinguist, translator, and philosopher. An impressive orator and successful lawyer, Cicero probably thought his political career his most important achievement. Today, he is appreciated primarily for his humanism and philosophical and political writings |
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| Constantinople was founded by the Roman emperor Constantine I on the site of an already existing city, Byzantium, settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion, probably around 671-662 BC. The site lay astride the land route from Europe to Asia and the seaway from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, and had in the Golden Horn an excellent and spacious harbour. |
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| the continuation of the Roman Empire during theMiddle Ages, centered on the capital of Constantinople, and ruled by Emperors in direct and de juresuccession to the ancient Roman Emperors. It was officially called the Roman Empire and it was also known as Romania |
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| the second member of the Justinian Dynasty (after his uncle, Justin I) and Eastern Roman Emperorfrom 527 until his death. He is considered a saint amongst Eastern Orthodox Christians, and is also commemorated by some Lutheran Churches; at the other end of the scale, his contemporary, Procopius, viewed Justinian as a cruel, venal, and incompetent ruler. |
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Within most Christian denominations Jesus is venerated as the Son of God and as God incarnate. Christians also view him as the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament; however, Judaism rejectsthese claims. Islam considers Jesus a prophet and also the Messiah while several other religions revere him in some way.
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| After Stephen's death (April 26, 757) Paul prevailed over a faction that wanted to place the Archdeacon Theophylacton the Holy See and was chosen his brother's successor by the majority that wished a continuation of the late pope's policy. |
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| most commonly refers to Saint Benedict of Nursia, the founder of the Order of Saint Benedict and thereby of Western Monasticism. |
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The historical Celts were a diverse group of tribal societies in Iron Age Europe. Proto-Celtic culture formed in the Early Iron Age (1200 BC-400 AD) in Central Europe (Hallstatt period, named for the site in present-day Austria). By the later Iron Age, Celts had expanded over a wide range of lands
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an ancient Pre-Columbian civilization living in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in what are roughly the modernday states of Veracruz and Tabasco.The Olmec flourished during Mesoamerica's Formative period, dating roughly from 1400 BCE to about 400 BCE. They were the first Mesoamerican civilization and laid many of the foundations for the civilizations that followed.
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| a civilization that developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru from 900 BC to 200 BC. The Chavin were located in the Mosna Valley where the Mosna and Huachecsa rivers merge. |
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| an ancient Native American culture centered on the present-day Four Corners area of the United States -- comprised of southern Utah, northern Arizona, northwest New Mexico, and a lesser section of Colorado. The cultural group has often been referred to in archaeology as theAnasazi, although the term is not preferred by their descendants. |
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| the only known fully developed written language of the pre-ColumbianAmericas, as well as its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during thePreclassic period (c. 2000 BC to 250 AD), many Maya cities reached their highest state development during the Classic period (c. 250 AD to 900 AD), and continued throughout the Postclassic period until the arrival of the Spanish. At its peak, it was one of the most densely populated and culturally dynamic societies in the world. |
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| the largest archaeological sites and urban centres of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. It is located in the archaeological region of the Petén Basin in what is now modern-day northern Guatemala. |
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| hichen Itza was a major regional focal point in the northern Maya lowlands from the Late Classic through theTerminal Classic and into the early portion of the Early Postclassic period. The site exhibits a multitude of architectural styles, from what is called “Mexicanized” and reminiscent of styles seen in central Mexico to thePuuc style found among the Puuc Maya of the northern lowlands. |
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Definition
| n enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the pre-Columbian Americas. Apart from the pyramidal structures, Teotihuacan is also known for its large residential complexes, the so-called "Avenue of the Dead", and numerous colorful, well-preserved murals. |
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Definition
| an indigenous pre-Columbian civilization that flourished in theValley of Oaxaca of southern Mesoamerica. Archaeological evidence shows their culture goes back at least 2500 years. |
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