1. The growth of democratic governments had taught people that they had the right to share in the material benefits of the Industrial Revolution.  Discontent. 
2. Scientific priogress=higher population=shortage in food and housing=moved to the city. 
3. The growht of a world finanacial market, primarily dependent on the value of gold, gave new power to big businesses. 
4. Too many political and social groups pitted against each other.  Church attendance fell. 

• Christianity was a slave religion
• Democracy was the rule of the mediocre masses.
• Only valid force was "will to power": the energy that casts off all moral restraints in its pursuit of independence.  
• Society can only improve if strong and bold individuals establish new values of nobility and goodness. (Ubermensch) 

Manet: "Le Dejeuner sur l'Herbe"

• Quotes other paintings
• Subject is risque (they new the place.  It was too real)
• Style: flat scenes instead of 3D perspective and different perspectives as well.
• Nude=not an idealized body.  She seemed too real because she was staring at out of the painting. 

• Manet:  "A Bar at the Folies-Bergere"
• Blur of shapes/colors in the reflected background(impressionistic)
• Weird perspectives. (Girl and reflectiong are not equal) 

• Monet: "Water Lilies"; "Argenteuil" (all of his have the same techniques) 
• Combines, separate, unblended colors to produce the effect of light on the eye.
• Pure visual representation --no intellectual or formal 

• Renoir: "Le Moulin de la Galette"
• patches of color stimulate sunlight through the trees. 
• His interest included people as well as nature...including woman.  
• Happy mood: gestures of love from people.  Movement of the background. 

• Degas: "The Tub" and "The Rehearsal"
• unusual points of view
• Shows a non glamerized instant in time.  
• "The Tub": has some still life. 
• He always turns to ballet=movement

• Cassatt: "MOther coming Sara's hair"
• focus on child: only see mothers back and undetailed background.
• seems to be a moment in time because the child is unaware. 

Morisot: "A View of Paris from the Trocadero"

• Human interest brings scenes to life and scene in scale.
• Deep perspective: multiples planes 

• Saurat: "A Sunday on El Grande Jatte"
• tiny points!
• Scientific accuracy
• people aren't realistically rendered.  They seem stiff.

• Cezanne: "Still Life with Commode" 
• everything is distorted.  
• multiple perspectives
• spacially ambiguous
• geometric shapes! 

• Cezanne:
• deliberately avoids effects of perspective
• reduces elements to flat planes
• huge brushstrokes
• no specific emphasis on any part of it.  

• Van Gogh: "The Night Cafe"
• conflicting colors: brightest red, weird color of green and yellow (harsh colors)
• exaggerated perspective 

• Fauvism
• Matisse: "The Joy of Life" 
• bright colors
• dreamlike unreality
• no consistant perspective/porportion
• simple flowing lines

• Munch: "The Scream"
• explores social and psych problems
• restless weaving lines
• scary coloring 

• relatively small, thin, yet visible brush storkes
• open composition
• emphasis on the accurate depiction of light in it's changing qualities
• ordinary subject matter
• unusual visual angles

• Individualistic
• vivid colors
• thick paint
• distinct brushstrokes
• real-life subject
• more inclined to used geometric form (saurat/cezanne)

• Violent color contrasts
• no effect of light/depth
• art for art's sake
• technique deliberately crude to disturb the form of objects
• nature interpreted and subjected to spirit of the artists

• brilliant, clashing colors
• mysticism, self-examination, speculation on the infinite
• nature used to interpret the universe
• no use of traditional perspective
• art to convey emotional or psychological truth

program music: 

• symphonic poem; tone poem
• programs (plots) derived which their music would describe.  

• tone poems.
• "Don Juan"; "An Alpine Symphony"
• most successful

• first to make his personal emotions the basis for a symphony.  (he had a depressive end) Died of cholera. 

impressionistic. 

atmospheric music.

shifting tone colors

abandoned the concept of themes

atonal: deliberately avoided traditional chords and harmonies

Pierrot Lunaire

Sprechstimme: voiced speech

12-tone technique: serialism: uses the 12 notes of the chromatic scale which are carefully arranged in a series.  The basic row serves as the basis for a movement or an entire movement.  

He was concerned with the effect social injustices had on the individual rather than the whole.

Crime and PUnishment

uses irony and satire to show the passivity and emptiness of his characters

"The Bet": he ironically challenges most of our basic values

stream of consciousness style of writing:  reproduces his thought process as they actually occur rather than as edited

American 

"The Awakening": her escape is to yield to her sexual desires and find freedom by throwing herself into a passionate/unloving affair. 

reflected primary characteristics of modernist temper.

fragmentation of line/image, the abandonment of traditional forms, overwehlming sense of alienation and human homelessness, an ambivalence about the traditional culture, and intense desire to find some anchor in a past that seems to be excaping.  

"The HOllow Men"

Kafkaewqu experience: a person feels trapped by forces that seem simultaneously ridiculous, threatening, incomprehensible, and dangerous. 

"The Trial"

writer, critic, founder of HOgarth Press

"Three Guineas": agains thte descrimination of women in public intellectual life

• "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" 
• Analytical cubism: more concerned with exploring the geometric qualities of objects seen without reference to linear perspective. 
• picture becomes more distorted L-R
• you're the customer
• African art

• "Guernica"
• protest art
• images recur repeatedly: his horror at the dstruction of war
• somber colors:reinforces his feeling of the war
• symbols: bull=brute force of Spain; dismembered figure=fascism has broken his country to bits; screaming horse=torment of spanish people; oil lamp, open window=hope 

• "Persistance of Memory"
• Jusxtaposition of near photo-realistic elemtns
• objects don't obey laws of physics
• colision of objects that don't make sense
• we don't know if there is a theme

• Klee "Around the Fish"
• free floating objects
• cubist: cylindrical forms
• expressionist: colorism
• surrealism: brilliant colors=dreamlike world; floating shapes; some enigmatic

ARmstrong

singing improvised syllables with no literal meaning

he uses the style of montage (sharp juxtaposition of shots by film cutting and editing). 

His close-ups were meant to convey a whole scene quickly. 

explicit propaganda

made documentaries for Nazi Germany, designed to glorify nazi party

one of hte most influential of the period between the wars.

school was closed by nazi's in 1933

the Bauhaus "style is almost a synonym for "modern" architecture and design.

It's influence would persist well into the last quarter of the 20th century and still lingers today.