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Muscles
Ch. 9 & Origin/Insertion/Action
74
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/17/2011

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Term
A-Band
Definition
the dark bands of a muscle fiber
Term
Aerobic
Definition
Oxygen required
Term
Anaerobic
Definition
Not requiring oxygen
Term
Actin
Definition
A contractile protein of a muscle.
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
Specialized muscle of the heart; striated, involuntary
Term
Creatine Kinase
Definition
Enzyme that catalyaes the transfer of phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP, forming creatine & ATP; important to muscle contraction.
Term
Diffuse Junction
Definition
The junction where the varicosities release neurotrnsmitters into a wide synaptic cleft in the general area of the smooth muscle cells.
Term
Excitation Contraction (E-C) Coupling
Definition
Sequence of events by which transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to the sliding of myofilaments.
Term
Fascia
Definition
Layers of fibrous tissue covering & separating muscle.
Term
H-Zone
Definition
The lighter midsection of the A-band.
Term
I-Band
Definition
The light bands of a muscle fiber.
Term
Insertion
Definition
Movable attachment of a muscle
Term
Isometric Contraction
Definition
Contraction in which the muscle does not shorten (the load is too heavy) but its internal tension increases.
Term
Isotonic contraction
Definition
Contraction in which muscle tension remains constant at a given joint angle & load, and the muscle shortens.
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates.
Term
Muscle Fiber
Definition
A muscle cell
Term
Myofibril
Definition
Rodlike bundle of contractile filaments (myofilaments) found in muscle fibers (cells).
Term
Myglobin
Definition
Oxygen-binding pigment in muscle
Term
Myogram
Definition
A graphic recording of mechanical contractile activity produced by an apparatus that measures muscle contractions.
Term
Myosin
Definition
One of the principle contractile proteins found in a muscle.
Term
Multiunit Smooth Muscle
Definition
1. Consists of muscle fibers that are structurally independent of one another.
2. Richly supplied with nerve endings, each of which forms a motor unit with a number of muscle fibers.
3. Responds to neural stimulation with graded contractions that involve recruitment.
Term
Neuromuscular Junction
Definition
Region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell.
Term
Origin
Definition
Attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction.
Term
Prime Mover
Definition
Muscle that bears the major responsibility for effecting a particular movement; an agonist.
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
The smalles contractile unit of a muscle; extends from one Z disc to another
Term
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells.
Term
Single Unit Smooth Muscle
Definition
1. Are arranged in opposing (longitudinal & circular) sheets.
2. Are innervated by ANS varicosities and often exhibit rhythmic spontaneous action potentials
3. Are electrically coupled by gap junctions & so contract as a unit (recruitment is not an option)
4. Respond to various chemical stimuli.
Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
Muscle composed of cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations; the muscle(s) attached to the body's skeleton; voluntary
Term
Smooth muscle
Definition
Spindle-shaped cells with one centrally located nucleus and no externally visible striations. Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs.
Term
Synergist
Definition
Muscle that aids the action of a prime mover by effecting the same movement or stabilizing joints across which the prime mover acts, preventing undesirable movements.
Term
Tendon
Definition
cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching muscle to bone
Term
Tetanus
Definition
a smooth, sustained muscle contraction resulting from high-frequency stimulation
Term
Triad
Definition
successive groupings of the 3 membranous structures (Terminal cisterna, T Tubule, Terminal cisterna)
Term
Masseter
Definition
Origin: Zygomatic arch & Maxilla

Insertion: Medial Upper Tibial Shaft

Action(s): Extends thigh; flexes knee; medially rotates leg
Term
Sternocleidomastoid
Definition
Origin: Manubrium of Sternum & Medial part of Clavicles

Insertion: Mastoid Process of Temporal & Superior Nuchal Line of Occipital Bone

Action: Flexes neck forward when working in pair; rotates head toward shoulder when working individually
Term
Pectoralis Major
Definition
Origin: Clavicle, Sternum, Cartilage of Ribs 1-6

Insertion: By Tendon into Intertubercular Grove of Humerus

Action: Prime mover of arm flexion; adducts, medially rotates arm
Term
External Intercostals
Definition
Origin: Inferior border of ribs above

Insertion: Superior border of ribs below

Action: Pulss ribs toward one another to elevate rib cage; aids in inspiration
Term
Internal Intercostals
Definition
Origin: Superior border of ribs below

Insertion: Inferior border of ribs above

Action: Draws ribs together to depress rib cage; aids in forced expiration; antagonistic to exterior intercostals
Term
Trapezius
Definition
Origin: Occipital bone; spines of C7 & all thoracic vertebrae

Insertion: Acromion & spinous process of scapula

Action: Extends head; raises, rotates & adducts scapula & stabilizes it
Term
Serratus Anterior
Definition
Origin: Lateral part of ribs 1-8

Insertion: Vertebral border of anterior surface of scapula

Action:Moves scapula forward toward chest; rotates scapula; abduction & raising of arm
Term
Latissimus Dorsi
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae & illiac crest

Insertion: Intertubucular grove of humerus

Action: Prime mover of arm extension; adducts & medially rotates arm; depresses scapula; pulls arm downward in power stroke
Term
Rectus Abdominus
Definition
Origin: Pubic crest & symphisis

Insertion: Xiphoid process & costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

Action: Flexes & rotates vertebral column; increases abdominal pressure; fixes & depresses ribs; stabilizes pelvis
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
Origin: Inferior border of ribs & sternum; cartilages of last 6 ribs & lumbar vertebrae

Insertion: Central tendon of thoracic cage

Action: Prime mover of inspiration; increases intra-abdominal pressure
Term
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Definition
subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
Term
Subscapularis
Definition
Origin: Subscapular fossa of scapula

Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus

Action: medial rotation of humerus at shoulder joint
Term
Supraspinatus
Definition
Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula

Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

Action: abduction of shoulder joint
Term
Infraspinatus
Definition
Origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula

Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

Action: lateral rotation of humerus at shoulder joint
Term
Teres minor
Definition
Origin: posterior surface of the lateral margin of the scapula

Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

Action: lateral rotation of humerus at shoulder joint
Term
Biceps Brachii (long head)
Definition
Origin: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Insertion: radial tuberosity

Action: flexion of elbow & supination of forearm
Term
Biceps Brachii (Short Head)
Definition
Origin: Coracoid process of scapula

Insertion: radial tuberosity

Action: flexion of elbow & supination of forearm
Term
Deltoid
Definition
Origin: lateral 1/3 of clavicle; acromium & spine scapula

Insertion: deltoid tuberosity

Action: whole muscle acts as prime mover in humerus abduction; specific fibers aid in flexion, extension & rotation of humerus
Term
Brachialis
Definition
Origin: distal portion of anterior humerus

Insertion: coronoid process of ulna

Action: major flexor of forearm
Term
Triceps Brachii (long head)
Definition
Origin: Inferior margin of glenoid cavity

Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna

Action: powerful forearm extensor; antagonist of forearm flexors
Term
Triceps Brachii (Lateral Head)
Definition
Origin: Posterior humerus

Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna

Action: powerful forearm extensor; antagonist of forearm flexors
Term
Triceps Brachii (Medial Head)
Definition
Origin: Distal radial groove on posterior humerus

Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna

Action: powerful forearm extensor; antagonist of forearm flexors
Term
Gluteus Maximus
Definition
Origin: dorsal ilium, sacrum & coccyx

Insertion: gluteal tuberosity of femur & illotibial tract (majority)

Action: Powerful thigh extensor; antagonist of iliopsoas; laterally rotates & abducts thigh
Term
Gluteus Medius
Definition
Origin: upper lateral surface of ilium

Insertion: greater trachanter of femur

Action: abducts & medially rotates thigh; steadies pelvis
Term
Sartorius
Definition
Origin: anterior superior illiac spine

Insertion: aponeurosis into medial aspect of proximal tibia

Action: flexes, abducts & laterally rotates thigh; flexes knee
Term
Tensor Fasciar Latae
Definition
Origin: anterior iliac crest & anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion: iliotibial tract

Action: flexes, abducts & medially rotates thigh
Term
Quadiceps Femoris Muscles
Definition
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
vastus lateralis
Term
Vastus Medialis
Definition
Origin: linea aspera & intertrachateric line

Insertion: tibial tuberosity & patella

Action: extends knee
Term
Vastus Intermedius
Definition
Origin: anterior & lateral surface of femur

Insertion: tibial tuberosity & patella

Action: extends knee
Term
Vastus Lateralis
Definition
Origin: greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line & linea aspera

Insertion: tibial tuberosity & patella

Action: extends & stabilizes knee
Term
Rectus Femoris
Definition
Origin: anterior inferior iliac spine & superior margin of acetabelum

Insertion: tibial tuberosity & patella

Action: extends knee & flexes thigh at hip
Term
Gracilis
Definition
Origin: inferior ramus & body pubis

Insertion: medial surface tibia below the medial condyle

Action: Adducts thigh; flexes & medially rotates leg
Term
Adductor Magnus
Definition
Origin: ischial & pubic rami & ischial tuberosity

Insertion: linea aspera & adductor tubercle femur

Action: adduct & medially rotate & flex thigh
Term
Tibialis Anterior
Definition
Origin: lateral condyle & upper 2/3 of tibia

Insertion: by tendon into inferior surface of first cuneiform & metatarsal 1

Action: prime mover of dorsiflexion; inverts foot
Term
Hamstring Muscles
Definition
semitendinosus
semimebranosus
biceps femoris
Term
Semitendinous
Definition
Origin: ishcial tuberosity

Insertion: medial upper tibial shaft

Action: extends thigh; flexes knee; medially rotates leg
Term
Semimebranosus
Definition
Origin: ischial tuberosity

Insertion: medial condyle of tibia & lateral condule of femur

Action: extends thigh; flexes knee; medially rotates leg
Term
Biceps Femoris
Definition
Origin: ishcial tuberosity

Insertion: by tendon into head of fibula

Action: extends thigh; flexes knee; laterally rotates leg
Term
Gastrocnemius (middle head)
Definition
Origin: medial condyle of femur

Insertion: calcaneal tendon to calcaneus

Action: Planter flexes foot when knee is extended; crosses knee joint, thus can flex knee
Term
Gastrocnemius (Lateral Head)
Definition
Origin:lateral condyle of femur

Insertion: calcaneal tendon to calcaneus

Action: Planter flexes foot when knee is extended; crosses knee joint, thus can flex knee
Term
Soleus
Definition
Origin: Proximal part of tibia & fibula

Insertion: Calcaneal tendon to calcaneus

Action: Planter flexion
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