A place where slaves were permitted to dance

Now called Louis Armstrong park

ring shout --has a cluster of individuals moving in a circular pattern.  Comes from a ritual African ceremony

New Orleans City Council 1817 designated Congo square as the official site for slave dances

Other parts of the country did not permit this and outlawed any African elements in the music of slaves.   

Developed before the Civil War (1861-65)

Placed white performers in black makeup, where they mimicked, ridiculed, & made fun of the music, dance and culture of the slave population.

Replaced by vaudeville by 1900

Often the writer of the music had little knowledge of southern black music.  Most composers were from the Northeast.  Ex. Stephen Foster.

Usually thought of as a piano genre.  Does not swing.  

It has an even division of the beat, and comes from the military march form.  

AABBACCDD

A term applied between 1921 & 1942 to recordings made especially for African-American listeners. 

Coined by Ralph Peer of Okeh, the first company to have a race series.  

Okeh started its 8000 series in 1921. 

Valuable today. 

wrote: "Hell Hound on My Trail"

uneven phrases. 

Text declamation:

statement 

statement 

commentary

Nasal vocal quality

A pianist, composer, and bandleader from New Orleans. 

First important jazz composer. 

Blended composition with improvisation. 

i.e. he “wrote it down”

Bridged the gap between ragtime piano style and jazz piano style.

Instrumentation:

Piano, trumpet, trombone, clarinet, banjo, bass, drums.

Displays the following elements:

Call & Response

Solo Break

Stop Time

extroverted player.

used marijuana to easy the pain of racism.

Has an FBI file for

the Little Rock 9

Played cornet and trumpet

composed for piano.

first great white musician. more introspective than louis.

self taught- unorthodox technique

Three Periods:

wolverines with Hoagaay Carmichael

Frankie Trumbauer (Tram)

Paul Whiteman (very commercial)

Early Jazz

Swing

Bebop

Cool Jazz (west coast)

Hard Bop

Post Bop

Free Jazz

basic stylistic Components, developing of arranging, dance music, 3 main components, main instrumentation. Big band became standard. drum set was consolidated. rhythm section was now piano, bass, and drums. no more tuba and banjo.

 Equal emphasis on all beats.

5 saxophones, 3-4 trumpets, 3-4 trombones, piano, bass, guitar, and drums. 

Kansas city swing style, Brass vs. reeds, first great rhythm section, riff based compositions, disappearance of stride, Lester Young influence

King of Swing

As a soloist, he defined jazz clarinet as no other, before or since.

Established standards of technical perfection unheard of in that era. 

Autocratic approach to band leading. (The Ray!!)

Popularized swing, he became a pop icon. Began in 1935 as a trio. 

First racially mixed band.

 long solo lines, amplification 

 w/ Goodman sextet. 

Severely limited vision

Amazing Technique & velocity at piano

Reharmonization

Willow Weep for Me

Tiger Rag

only used two fingers, addition of the violin, European jazz musician

basic stylistic characteristics, melodic chromaticism, fast tempos, cabaret cards, move from entertainer to artist, artifacts for copyright reasons, decline of big bands (no single event was responsible), young musicians were drafted. petroleum/ shellac were in short supply.

• May be the most important musical figures in the history of jazz.
• Densely packed solos. 
• Played fast, and played a lot of notes. 
• Prolific composer. 
• Jazz club took his name. (Birdland)

• highly addictive, died early, alternate takes

Dizzy Gillespie

Gillespie pouches, Chano Pozo, worked with Bird, Afro-Cuban influence

•  a lighter, softer, more subtle version of bebop, and easier to follow. 
• Saxophonists were influenced by Lester Young 

mixed meters, west coast school, cerebral, Blue Rondo a la Turk, crossrhythm, supermetric, 

guitar. unmeasured phrases