Term
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Definition
ALEXANDROS, Aphrodite (Venus de Milo),
Melos, Greece
ca 150‐125 BCE
Marble, 6’7” |
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Term
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Definition
Nude woman (Venus of Willendorf),
found in modern Austria,
ca. 28,000 – 25,000 BCE
Limestone, 4 ½” |
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Term
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Definition
Nude woman (Venus of Savignano),
found in modern Italy,
ca. 18,000 BCE
Stone, 22 cm. |
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Term
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Definition
Hall of the Bulls.
Cave, Lascaux, France,
ca. 15,000 – 13,000 BCE.
Largest bull 11’6” long. |
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Term
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Definition
Wounded man and disemboweled bison - hall of the bulls
Well in the cave, Lascaux,
ca. 15,000 – 13,000 BCE
Bison 3’ 8” long. |
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Term
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Definition
Catal Hoyuk Reconstruction -
Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia
7500 BC to 5700 BC
female figurines
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Term
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Definition
Çatal Höyük
Deer Hunt,
detail of wall painting
ca. 5750 BCE. |
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Term
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Definition
Goddess Figure - Goddess on Throne
Çatal Höyük,
ca. 5750 BCE.
Baked clay (terracotta), 20.3 cm. |
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Term
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Definition
Palette of King Narmer, back,
ca. 3000 – 2920 BCE.
Slate, 2’1” high. |
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Term
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Definition
Palette of King Narmer, front,
ca. 3000 – 2920 BCE.
Slate, 2’1” high.
EGYPT: Early Dynastic, First – Third Dynasties, ca. 3000 – 2575 BCE.
“Narmer” may another name for the “Menes” recorded as a Pharaoh of the First Dynasty. |
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Term
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Definition
Palette.
Late Predynastic,
ca. 3150 - 2950 BCE.
Stone, 42 cm,
from Hierakonpolis. |
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Term
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Definition
Hesire (Hesy-Ra),
tomb relief from Saqqara, wood.
Third Dynasty, ca 2650 BCE. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
IMHOTEP,
Stepped Pyramid & mortuary precinct of Djoser, Saqqara,
Egypt, Third Dynasty,
ca. 2630-2611 BCE. |
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Term
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Definition
Papyrus Columns.
Detail, façade of North Palace, mortuary precinct of Djoser,
Third Dynasty, ca. 2630 – 2611 BCE. |
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Term
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Definition
Cyperus papyrus
Paid homage to in the form of Egyptian papyrus columns
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Term
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Definition
Great Pyramids,
Giza.
Fourth Dynasty,
ca. 2551 – 2472 BCE. |
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Term
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Definition
Left: Menakaure, 2490-2472
Center: Khafre, ca. 2520 – 2494 BCE
Right: Khufu, ca. 2551 – 2528 BCE
Long paths led to the pyramids to keep them secure and isolated. Not only were the pyramids viewed as sacred and therefor somewhat forbidden, but few entryways meant less opportunities for poachers to steal valuable artifacts.
Also, false entryways were used for the same purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
Senusret III (detail),
ca. 1860 BCE
Again, senusret III is shown with atypical facial features, different than other representations we have seen of Egyptian kings.
His ears are very large, mouth downturned, eyes far apart.
His body still seems to be sculpted in the typical 'perfect' form |
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Term
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Definition
The Great Sphinx (Khafre as sphinx?).
Fourth Dynasty,
ca. 2520 – 2494 BCE.
Sandstone, Giza, 240’ long. |
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Term
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Definition
Khafre enthroned.
Fourth Dynasty,
ca. 2520-2494 BCE.
Diorite, Giza. 5’ 6” high. |
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Term
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Definition
Menkaure & (Khamerernebty?)
Fourth Dynasty,
ca. 2490-2472 BCE.
Graywacke, Giza, 4’ 6” high. |
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Term
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Definition
Seated Scribe.
Fourth Dynasty,
ca. 2500 BCE.
Painted limestone, Saqqara, 1’ 9” high. |
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Term
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Definition
Prince Khuenre,son of King Menkaure, as a scribe.
Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2490 - 2472 BCE.
Limestone, traces of paint, 12” high.
From Giza |
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Term
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Definition
The Mastaba of Ti,
Saqqara,
Fifth Dynasty,
ca. 2450 – 2350 BCE.
Text emphasizes false door/pathways and the underground passage to the actual burial chamber. |
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Term
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Definition
reliefs in the Mastaba of Ti,
Old Kingdom, Fifth Dynasty,
ca. 2450 - 2350 BCE.
Lecture emphasizes this relief as canonical, as in this relief sets the standard for early Egyptian reliefs |
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Term
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Definition
Ti watching a hippopotamus hunt.
Fifth Dynasty, ca. 2450-2350 BCE.
Painted limestone,
Saqqara, 4’ high.
Lecture shows similarity of background (thin vertical lines) to cyperus papyrus reeds along a riverbed |
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Term
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Definition
Senusret III,
12th Dynasty, ca. 1860
Red quartzite, 6 ½ inches high.
Juxtaposed to Menkaure to show the change in the amount of detail in the face.
Old kingdom busts show the kings as perfect, sleek and ageless. Senusret however is shown in detail, and though his face still looks powerful, he is shown as somewhat old, and with atypical features (sunken eyes, thin lips) |
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Term
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Definition
Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut,
18th Dynasty, ca.
1473-1458 BCE. |
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Term
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Definition
Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut: two pillar statues of Hatshepsut as Osiris.
18th Dynasty,
ca. 1473-1458 BCE |
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Term
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Definition
Hatshepsut with
offering jars,
ca. 1473-1458
Red granite, 8’ 6” high.
Juxtaposed to him as osiris. Looks pretty similar, but differences include...
The pose (one standing, one kneeling)
Detail/amount/type of clothing (no detail in him as osiris, headdress, smock, and belt are shown with some detail.
Chin beard is the same, showing it's actually him. |
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Term
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Definition
Hatshepsut seated (detail),
ca. 1473-1458 BCE.
Stone, 195 cm total height.
Juxtaposed with him holding the offering jars.
Much of the detail is the same (small features, similar looking headdress, body shape) but this sculpture shows him without the chinbeard thing.
Also, the body has almost no detail at all. |
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Term
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Definition
Musicians & dancers, Tomb of Nebamun
18th Dynasty, ca. 1400 – 1350 BCE.
Paint on dry plaster. About 1’ high.
Early attempts at a frescoe, though the paint is applied to dry plaster.
The musicians appear larger than the dancers, possibly suggesting their greater importance.
Naked dancers show small potbellies, which was considered beautiful/appealing to the culture.
All the women are smiling, this is supposed to be a joyous occasion/ practice. |
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Term
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Definition
Bird hunt,
Tomb of Nebamun,
18th Dynasty,
ca. 1400 – 1350 BCE.
Painted limestone, Saqqara, 4’ high.
Juxtaposed with Ti's hippopotamus hunt.
The hippo hunt is a relief, and the figures depicted seem more angular, though the motion of the children seems very natural in comparison to the child in bird hunt. Also, the reeds form the background of the hippo hunt whereas they are seen normally in bird hunt.
The bird hunt is a painting, and has a lot more going on in terms of movement/action. there are numerous animals, and the size hierarchy is shown with the king being larger than his wife and child.
Both show a royal family out on a family hunt, almost like a bonding experience, common to this era.
Note: Both Bird Hunt and Hippo Hunt use the register technique with the water/fish making up the ground or underground band of the piece
Iconography: in both pieces, there is a cat hunting a bird, symbolizing the animalistic nature of the scene |
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Term
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Definition
detail: cat hunting birds,
Tomb of Nebamun,
18th Dynasty, ca. 1400 – 1350 BCE.
Painted plaster.
Cats were very special to Egyptians and viewed as holy.
A short tailed cat in a hunting scene symbolized a protector |
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Term
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Definition
Bust of Nefertiti.
THUTMOSE (sculptor).
18th Dynasty, ca. 1353 – 1335 BCE.
Painted limestone, 1’ 8” high. |
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Term
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Definition
Akhenaton,
18th Dynasty,
ca. 1353-1335 BCE.
Sandstone, 13’ high
Unlike other pharohs before him, Akhenaton attempted to bring monotheism to Egypt (Ra, the sun god)
He also commissioned a fair amount of sculptures that differed greatly from the typical perfect bodied, strong looking Egyptian sculptures we are familiar with.
Here, Akhenaton is shown in traditional Egyptian garb and pose, but his form is very different.
He has a pot belly, wide hips, a slender face and slender body parts, and just an overall feminine shape. A very rich person would indeed look like this though in ancient Egypt. |
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Term
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Definition
Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters,
18th Dynasty,
ca. 1353 – 1335 BCE.
Limestone,
1’ ¼” high.
sunken relief |
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Term
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Definition
Innermost coffin of Tutankhamen.
18th Dynasty,
ca. 1323 BCE
Gold, enamel,
semi-precious
stones, 6’1” long.
After the death of Akhenaton, depictions of kings went mostly back to their original Egyptian style, though we see them become less angular over time, and more like that of a regular person. |
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Term
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Definition
Temple of Ramses II,
Abu Simbel,
19th Dynasty, ca. 1290-1224 BCE |
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Term
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Definition
Ramses II seated
ca. 1270 BCE.
Granodiorite, 194 cm. |
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Term
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Definition
Female head (Inanna?),
ca. 3200 – 3000 BCE
Marble, 8” high.
Uruk |
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Term
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Definition
Warka Vase
ca. 3200 – 3000 BCE.
Alabaster, 3’ ¼” high.
Uruk
Presentations of offerings to Inanna |
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Term
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Definition
Statuettes of worshippers,
ca. 2700 BCE
Gypsum with color inlays, male figure
figure 2’ 6” high
Eshnunna
votives
Votive= vow or dedication
All figurines vary in size, and some of their features differ.
They all have basically the same pose and wear similar but not identical clothing. |
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Term
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Definition
Victory Stele of Eannatum,
ca. 2600 – 2500 BCE.
Limestone, reconstruction 5’11” tall.
Girsu
fragment, eannatum beating his enemies trapped in a net |
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Term
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Definition
“War Side,” “Standard of Ur,”
ca. 2600 BCE
Wood inlaid with colored materials, 8” x 1’ 7”.
Ur |
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Term
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Definition
“Peace side,” “Standard of Ur,”
ca. 2600 BCE.
Ur
Wood inlaid with colored materials, 8” x 1’ 7”. |
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Term
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Definition
Reconstructed Bull Lyre,
ca. 2600 BCE.
Ur
Wood, gold leaf, lapis lazuli. |
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Term
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Definition
Sound box of the Bull Lyre,
ca. 2600 BCE.
Ur
Wood, gold, lapis lazuli, shell, 1’ 7” high. |
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Term
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Definition
(detail) Enheduanna disk
Akkadian,
ca. 2300 – 2275 BCE
Alabaster, 10” across.
(Found in Ur) |
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Term
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Definition
Victory stele of Naram‐Sin
ca. 2254 – 2218 BCE.
Pink sandstone, 6’ 7” high. |
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Term
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Definition
Head of an Akkadian ruler,
ca. 2250‐2200 BCE.
Copper,
1’ 2 3/8” high |
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Term
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Definition
Gudea, ruler of Lagash,
ca. 2120 BCE
Diorite, 1’ 6.1”
“Neo‐Sumerian” |
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Term
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Definition
Reconstructions, the apadana,
Persepolis,
ca. 521 – 465 BCE |
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Term
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Definition
Ishtar Gate (restored)
ca. 575 BCE
Glazed brick,
Babylon |
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Term
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Definition
Stele with the Law Code of Hammurabi, Hammurabi before Shamesh (detail)
ca. 1780 BCE
Basalt, 7’ 4”
Babylon |
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Term
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Definition
Queen Napir-Asu,
ca. 1350 – 1300 BCE
Bronze and copper, 4’ 2.75”
Elam |
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Term
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Definition
Citadel of Sargon II,
ca. 720 – 705 BCE
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Term
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Definition
Lamassu, ca. 720 – 705 BCE
Limestone, 13’ 10” high
From the Citadel of Sargon II
Assyria |
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Term
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Definition
King Ashurbanipal,
ca. 645 – 640 BCE
Assyria |
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Term
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Definition
Assyrian archers, ca. 875 – 860 BCE
Gypsum, 2’ 10” high
from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II,
Assyria
assyrian palace relief |
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Term
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Definition
Ashurbanipal hunting lions,
ca. 645 – 640 BCE
Gypsum, 5’ 4” high
Palace of Ashurpanipal,
Assyria |
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Term
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Definition
Lion from the Processional Way to the Ishtar Gate,
ca. 575 BCE
Glazed brick
Babylon
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Term
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Definition
Processional frieze (part),
apadana terrace,
ca. 521 – 465 BCE
Limestone, 8’ 4” high
Persepolis |
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Term
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Definition
Male lyre player
ca. 2700-2500
Marble, 9" high
Cycladic
Compare to "musician with lyre - 'Stanard of Ur' from the Sumerian Period" |
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Term
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Definition
Figure of a woman,
ca. 2500 – 2300 BCE
Marble, 1’ 6” high.
Cycladic
Flat sculpture, would have been laid atop a tomb. |
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Term
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Definition
Kamares-ware jug,
ca. 2000 – 1700 BCE
Earthenware, 27cm high
Crete
Minoan |
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Term
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Definition
Reconstruction,
‘West House’ Room 5
Akrotiri
Minoan
theme - inside is decorated like the outdoors, Minoan society was comfortable enough with the wild that they brought it into their homes |
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Term
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Definition
Excavation view (model)
houses buried in 1628 BCE
Akrotiri
Minoan |
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Term
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Definition
Fisherman fresco,
before 1628 BCE
from ‘West House’ Room 5,
Akrotiri
Minoan |
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Term
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Definition
Landscape with swallows
(“Spring” fresco),
ca. 1650 BCE
Fresco, 7’ 6” high
From Akrotiri, Thera (Santorini)
Minoan |
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Term
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Definition
Snake Goddess’ (so‐called)
ca. 1600 BCE
Faience, 1’ 1.5” high
Minoan (Crete)
Note detail in the torso
Her clothes are quite detailed, but the sculptor made it a point to expose her very large breasts. This may have been a fertility idol of some sort, given its size |
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Term
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Definition
Young god (?), ca. 1500 – 1475 BCE
Ivory and other materials,
restored height 1’ 7.5”
Minoan (Crete)
Note detail on the upper arm
muscle is seen under skin and even veins in the hands of the figure |
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Term
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Definition
Harvesters Vase,
ca. 1500 BCE
Steatite (stone), max. diameter 5”
Minoan (Crete)
Men carry wheat happily, they revel in the vast harvest they have just collected, and offer the gods something in this vessel as a tribute |
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Term
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Definition
Bull-leaping,
ca. 1450 – 1400 BCE.
Fresco, 2’ 8” high
Minoan,
Palace of Knossos (Crete)
Note details
the painting depicts a little devil guy jumping around on the bull, and the guy on the left being impaled.
The minoans understood the strength and capability of large animals like this one, but felt that if they were to harm them, the cause was some trickster being. |
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Term
| Compare Harvesters Vase with Mycenaen Dagger blade |
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Definition
Note similar detail between Minoan and Mycenaean depictions of men
They both share the same triangular, muscular upper body and thick quads with tapered calves. |
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Term
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Definition
‘Marine style’ flask
with octopus,
ca. 1500 BCE
Earthenware, 11” high |
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Term
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Definition
Dagger blade with lion hunt,
ca. 1600 – 1500 BCE
Bronze with inlays, 9” long.
Mycenae (Grave Circle A)
Note detail
notice the ferocity of the lion and the men that attempt to kill him. they are all extremely powerful looking, as they would need to be to be depicted upon a weapon.
Mycenaeans placed importance in fighting and war |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Funerary mask, Agamemnon
ca. 1600 – 1500 BCE
Gold, 1’ high.
Mycenae (Grave Circle A)
Note that the Mycenaens like to use gold, they thought it to be important enough to inlay and cover most of their pieces with it |
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Term
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Definition
Mycenae Lion Gate
ca. 1300 – 1250 BCE
Mycenae
Note the similar stance of the lion as in the Dagger Blade detail.
all the lions are either striding or depicting some movement, either way, mycenaens viewed them as powerful or aggressive |
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Term
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Definition
Tholos tomb (‘Treasury of Atreus’)
ca. 1300-1250 BCE
Mycenae
beehive tomb, ASHLAR masonry
entrance would be surrounded by a sort of ascending stair hallway |
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Term
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Definition
Warriors Vase,
ca. 1200 BCE
Earthenware,
1’ 4” high
Mycenae
Compare the details of the male figure to the dagger blade men.
very different in form as they were made a couple centuries apart
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