A substance containing atoms that have all the same atomic number, or number of protons.

The simplest substance that can not be chemicall broken down.

• negatively charged subatomic particle
• involved in bonding
• located in orbitals surrounding the nucleus

• substances with different numbers of neutrons. 
• C¹⁴ is an example of an isotope
• isotopes can have different properties.

• "taken not shared"
• formed between metal and non metal
• electrolytes, dissociate in water
• NaCl. Ca(Cl)2,

• equal sharing of electrons
• happens between atoms of equal eletronegativities
• common in diatomic compounds
• N_2, O₂

• one atom is more electronegative than another
• one atom is an electron "bully"
• creates partial positive and partial negative charges
• H₂O

• A molecule with more electrons in one portion
• "like dissolves like"
• hydrophilic
• polar molecules include water and the following functional groups: hydroxyl, carboxl, carbonyl
• amine
• sulfhydral
• pohsphate

• occur between the partially positive hydrogen of one molecule and the partially negative charged atom of a second molecule
• the partial negative rests on an electronegative atom
• the most talked about hydrogen bonding is in water.

• water molecules are attracted to other water molecules
• yields droplet formation
• responsible for high surface tension
• water's "skin"
• d/t hydrogen bonding

• water is attracted to other surfaces
• capillary action

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• water will travel up a narrow tube against gravity
• due to adhesion
• how plants get water

• how well substances can absorb heat without changing temperature
• high heat capacity means that a substance can absorb a lot of heat without changing temp

• contains hydrogen ions
• less than seven on the pH scale

• completley dissociate in water
• HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HBr, HI, HClO₄, HCLO₃

• release hydroxide ions
• OH
• alkaline
• higher pH than 7

• a log scale that shows how acidic a substance is
• a pH of 3 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 4

• "like dissolves like"
• polar molecules
• water loving
• dissolves in water

• water fearing
• non-polar
• does not dissolve in water
• examples are fats, waxes, oils