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| Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals |
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| The constitutional amendment adpoted after the Civil War that states, "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall adbridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Underlined also know as the due process clause |
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| Equal Protection of the Laws |
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| Part of the Fourteenth Amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people |
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| The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude |
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| The law that made racial discrimination against any group in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbade many forms of job discrimination |
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| The legal right to vote, extended to Blacks by the Fifteenth Amendment, to woman by the Nineteenth Amendment, and to people over the age of 18 by the Twenty-Sixth Amendment |
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| The constitutional amendment that allowed blacks to vote in 1870 |
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| Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often feel due at a time of year when poor Black sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most southern states to exclude Blacks from voting. Poll taxes were declared void by the Twenty-Fourth Amendment |
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| One tactict used to discourage black voting where political parties in the South excluded blacks to voting in them and deprived blacks from having any real voice in the real contests |
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| Constitutional amendment that passed in 64 that declared poll taxes void in federal elections |
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| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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| A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to Black suffrage. Under the law, numerous blackswere registered and black representation increased |
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| The constitutional amendment adpoted in 1920 that guarantees woman the right to vote |
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| A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality or rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despited public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures |
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| The issue raised when women who hold traditionally female jobs are paid less than men for working at jobs requiring comparable skill |
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| Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 |
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| A law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment |
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| A policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group |
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| Strauder v. West Virginia (1880) |
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Responsible for a narrow interpretation of the Due Process Clause and invalidated a law barring Blacks from jury duty
(Fourteenth Amendment) |
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| Supreme court decision ruling that a slave who had escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and that Congress had no autority to ban slavery in the territories |
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Plessy v. Ferguson
(1896) |
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Definition
| An 1896 Supreme Court decision that provided a constitutional justification for segregation by ruling that a Louisiana law requiring "equal but separate accommodations for the White and colored races" was constitutional |
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Brown v. Board of Education
(1954) |
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Definition
| The 1954 Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation in Topeka, Kansas was inherently unconstitutional because it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection. This case marked end of legal segregation in the United States |
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Guinn v. United States
(1915) |
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Definition
| Banned the grandfather clause that had been used to prevent African Americans from voting |
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Smith v. Allwright
(1944) |
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Definition
| Banned all-white primaries |
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| Found the "seperate but equal" clause of Plessy v. Ferguson generally unacceptable in professional schools |
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Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools
(1971) |
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| Supreme court case that ordered the busing of students to achieve racially balanced schools |
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Korematsu v. United States
(1944) |
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Definition
| A 1944 Supreme Court decision that upheld as constitutional the internment of more than 100,000 Americans of Japanese descent in encampments during WW2 |
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| The landmark case in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination based on the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment |
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| The Supreme Court established the standard that gender discrimination would be presumed to be neither valid nor invalid. The courts repeatedly said there must be an "exceedingly persuasive justification" for U.S. government to classify people by gender |
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Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
(1978) |
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Definition
| A landmark case that stated that the quota system of Affirmative Action is unconstitutional but however, using racce and ethnic background on account of admissions to a college could be used as one element |
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Adarand Constructors v. Pena
(1995) |
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| A Supreme Court decision holding that federal programs that classify people by race, even for valid and just causes like expanding opportunities for minorities, should be presumed to be unconstitutional |
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Term
Gratz v. Bollinger
(2003) |
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Definition
| Outlawed using race as the first or primary quality for admissions in colleges. |
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