George Pullman developed a town for his workers providing housing, stores, service, etc. for all his workers.  In return, there were very strict controls over the workers and their families.  For example, people could not loiter on front steps or drink alcohol.  Pullman refused to lower rent after cutting the employees' pay and they then went on strike.

 

- no raise in wages or lowering of rent, Eugene V Debs asked for arbitration but Pullman said no

 

- ARU boycotted Pullman trains, Pullman hired strike breakers, violence ensued, federal troops called in , workers blacklisted

 

- The Granger laws

- The railroads were inolved in unfair business practices towards the farmers (charging large sums) -The Grangers forced laws to be passed that allowed the gov't to regulate railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers

-Supreme Court upheld laws 

- Important principle established - the governments right to regulate private industry to serve public interest

- adapted for business from Darwins Theory

 

- essentially survival of the fittest, natural law

 

- new measure of success - riches were a sign of God's favor, therefore the poor must be lazy or inferior and deserve what they get 

 - Governmnet concerned about large corporations creating monopolies and trusts that interfered with free trade

 

- Sherman Antitust Act - made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries

 

- Later companies turned to this act to claim that union action interfered with the companies ability to trade, gov't would them limit union action 

- labor union focused on more individual rights

- supported 8 hour work day and = pay for = work men and women

-  Included people men, women, blacks, whites

- advocated for arbitration with striking as a lat resort

- at its height 700,000 members 

 

- Focused on collective bargain (negotiations between representatives of the workers and management) 

 

- end result a written agreement (contract) that spells out wages, hours, etc.

 

-Big difference difference between Knights of Labor and AFL - STRIKES

- Believed that skilled and unskilled workers from the same industry should be in a union together

 

- Formed American Railway Union (ARU) and won higher wages, membership increased, nevered recovered froman unsuccesful strike but...

 

- Added to the momentum of the union movement 

 

- Asked for arbitration in the Pullman strike, ARU boycotted Pullman trains and Debs was jailed. 

-a tax on foreign goods to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition

-B&O Railroad workers struck because their pay had been cut 2 months in a row

 

- freight and passenger lines were inturrupted for more than a week

 

-Governors asked the President Hayes to step in and he sent in federal troops to stop the strike 

- 3,000 people gathered to protest police brutality because the day before a striker had been killed and several others injured the day before

 

- as the crowd dispersed someone threw a bomb and killed both police and protesters

 

- support for labor unions declined after that 

-Strike against Carnegie Steel for cutting wages

 

- President of the steel company  hired Pinkerton guard to protect "scabs"

 

- detectives and workers dead

 

- Ultimately the National Guard called in and the strike failed

-Fought for womens' labor rights and child labor laws

- Favoritism toward native-born Americans

- 1882  Congress passed banning immigration by the Chinese except students, tourists, teachers, and merchants

 

- 1892 Congress extended until 1902

 

- 1902 Congress extended indefinitely

 

- In effect until 1943 

- Anti-asian sentiment extends to the Japanese

 

- Japanese students are segregated from whites

 

- agreement - Japanese government agrees to limit emigration of unskilled labors and US agrees to desegrate schools 

- The process of a minority group's adoption of the beliefs and ways of the dominant culture

 

- When immigrants came to the US, the process of learning the language and the customs 

- Community centers in slum neighborhoods, primarily run by white, college educated, middle-class women

 

- provided educational an cultural, and socail services 

- Reformers believed that salvation could be reached through service to the poor

 

- Settlement houses were 1 result of the movement 

 - political cartoonist

 

- Brought public outrage against Tammany Hall's (Democratic political machine of New York) graft (kick-backs)

 

- His cartoon helped Boss Tweed get captured after he had escaped from jail and gone to Spain 

- dishonesty of politicians

 

- example - political machines and the graft (kick-backs) 

 

- He believed that the wealthy should give back in such a way that raised the standard of living for others - example his public library endowments 

A corporation is a legal business arrangement that is separate from the persons that form it

is a term for a person who handles large sums of money, usually involving money lending, financing projects, large-scale investing, or large-scale money management.