Term
| Text definition of Personality |
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Definition
| Behaviors, styles of thought, speech, perception, and interpersonal interactions that are consistently characteristic of an individual; includes covert and overt actions |
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| Comprehensive explanation used to explain natural phenomena and the research done on that phenomena |
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| Steps of the Scientific Method |
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Definition
1. Observation
2. Define Problem
3. Propose Hypothesis
4. Gather evidence, test hypothesis
5. Reject or retain hypothesis
6. Develop theory |
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Emotion (spirit) and appetite kept in check by reason (soul)
-Reason is most powerful force |
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| Aristotle's early theories of personality |
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Definition
-Referred to the seat of personality as the "psyche"
-Psyche is product of biological processes
Psyche's set of faculties:
1. Nutritive-lowest faculty; human organism's basic drives to meet its bodily needs (found in plants, animals and people)
2. Perceptual-next highest faculty; aspect of mind that interprets sensory data (animals and people)
3. Intellectual-highest faculty, unique to human beings |
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-Concluded that pineal gland was point of contact between soul (mind) and body
-First to propose two-way interaction (body not just puppet of mind) |
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-Looked at personality in social context
-Saw people as essentially greedy, selfish, ungrateful and vengeful
-Two primary forces that define human character:
-Virtu-combination of assertiveness, fearlessness, and self-confidence
-Fortuna-luck |
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| Ronald Comer's 4 Ds of Abnormal Psychology |
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Definition
| Deviance, Dysfunction, Distress, Danger |
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| Idiographic vs. Nomothetic |
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Definition
-Idiographic-in-depth study of individual; stress uniqueness of personalities
-Nomothetic-Looking for common traits; uniqueness exists only as a combination of these quantifiable traits |
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-Four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile
-If one dominates:
Blood-sanguine (content or cheerful)
Phlegm-phlegmatic (slow-moving and impassive)
Yellow bile-angry temperament
Black bile-melancholy or depressed |
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-Addressed differences in perceptions of differing observers; interested in measurement of sensation and perception
-Helmholtz, Weber, Fechner |
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-Addressed development of ideas; ideas are acquired, not innate
-Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Mill |
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| Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801-1887) |
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Definition
-Developed idea of pleasure principle (concept that influenced Freud)
-Described mind-body connection as quantitative relationship between mental sensation and material stimulus
-Two ways to measure sensation:
-Absolute threshold-point of below which no sensations can be detected
-Differential threshold of sensitivity-Point at which the least amount of change in a stimulus creates change in sensation |
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-Founder of British empiricism
-Mind is "tabula rasa" - blank slate
-Kinds of experiences:
-Sensations-input from external physical objects experienced as sense impressions, which operate on mind
-Reflections-mind operates on the sense impressions to produce ideas (simple, complex)
-Mind is a machine; learn by association |
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| Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) |
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Definition
-Considered founder of the science of psychology
-Interested in introspective observations of consciousness
-Three goals for psychology:
-Analyze conscious processes into basic elements
-Discover how these elements are synthesized or organized
-Determine laws of connection governing organization of elements
-Tridimensional theory of feelings (located feeling states along three dimensions)
-pleasure/displeasure
-tension/relaxation
-excitement/depression
-Used metronome to study feelings points |
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| Edward Titchener (1867-1927) |
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Definition
Central task of psychology: analysis of conscious experiences
-Advanced women in psychology (although had no-women smoking meetings)
-3 problems for psychology:
-reduce conscious processes to simplest components
-determine laws by which elements associated
-connect the elements with their physiological conditions
-3 states of consciousness: sensations, images, affective states
-44,500 elements of sensation |
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| William James (1842-1910) |
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Definition
-Anticipator of Functional Psychology
-Wrote famous "Principles of Psychology"
-Physical arousal/response precedes emotion; bodily change is the emotion; if no bodily change, then no emotion |
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| G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) |
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Definition
| -Applied psychology to education; founder of APA |
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-First truly American psychology
-Evolved from Darwin's work
-Focused on function of consciousness rather than its structure
-Forerunner of modern evolutionary psychology |
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| Founded Functionalism; wrote first American textbook in psychology |
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| Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) |
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Definition
-Denied Harvard PhD despite brilliance because she was a woman
-1st woman prez of APA
-Myth of male superiority:
Derived from variability hypothesis based on Darwinian ideas |
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| Helen Bradford Thompson Woolley (1874-1947) |
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Definition
-1st experimental test of male superiority
-No sex difference in emotional functioning; nonsignificant differences in intellectual functioning (was accused of feminist bias) |
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| Leta Hollingworth (1886-1939) |
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Definition
-Extensive research on variability hypothesis
-Data refuted female inferiority
-Noted for work with "gifted children" - coined term |
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| James Cattell (1860-1944) |
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Definition
-Stressed quantification, ranking and ratings in mental testing
-Argued for sterilizing "defective persons"; promoted intermarrying of "healthy and intelligent" |
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| Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) |
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Definition
-Took Cattell's place; created first "psychological clinic"
-Developed child guidance clinics (school psychology) |
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Definition
| -Applied psychology to business and advertising |
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| Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916) |
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| Forensice Psychology; researched eyewitness testimony and found it to be unreliable |
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| Classical Conditioning; won Nobel prize |
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| Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) |
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Definition
-Quantitative measures of learning (number of errors, time lapse)
-Trial-and-error learning
Laws of learning:
-law of effect and law of exercise |
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-Observable behavior; "Little Albert" study
-People were not bound by genetics or conditions of birth (egalitarian perspective) |
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| Edward Tolman (1886-1959) |
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S-O-R learning theory
"Cognitive Maps" |
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| Operant conditioning; schedules of reinforcement |
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| Social learning theory; modeling; vicarious reinforcement |
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-Principles of "wholeness" in perception, learning and problem solving (whole is greater than sum of parts)
-Organized principles such as closure and figure/ground
-Disputed reductionism of structuralism and behaviorism |
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| Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967) |
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Definition
-Studied chimp behavior; identified sudden insights in problem solving
-Created Gestalt psychology with Wertheimer and Koffka |
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Importance of cognitions; behaviorism couldn't explain cognitive dissonance, social learning and sudden "insights" studies
-Information-processing analogy |
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| Stages of cognitive development; schemas for understanding |
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-Developed therapy based on identifying and challenging faulty cognitions
-Especially known for work on depression |
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| REBT-focusing on "irrational" thoughts |
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Definition
Two dimensions:
-Internal validity-to what extent can outcome on dependent variable be attributed to independent variable
-External validity-to what extent do findings apply to other subjects or population of interest |
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| Types of personality research |
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Definition
Case studies
Observational/correlational
Experimental
Quasi-experimental |
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Definition
-Detailed info. on single cases
-Useful with uncommon cases and for generating hypotheses
-Lack internal and external validity |
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| Observational/Correlational research |
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Definition
-Collecting observations w/out manipulating variable; usually in natural setting
-Lacks internal validity
-Correlation does NOT imply causation |
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Random assignment to conditions and manipulation of independent variable
-Can have high internal validity |
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| Quasi-Experimental Designs |
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Definition
| Often random assigment is not possible; this allows for some experimental control |
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-Must consistently measure same thing
-3 measured types of reliability: inter-rater, test-retest, internal consistency |
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-What does it measure?
-Common types of validity: face, predictive, construct |
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| -Found hypnosis an effective treatment of hysterical patients |
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| Hypothesized that mental phenomena are causes of hysteria (influenced Freud) |
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Definition
| -Emotional relief through reliving past events; concept influenced Freudian therapy |
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-Lived most of life in Vienna
-Major attachment with mother
-Took on "bright student" role, put a lot of pressure on himself
-Goal was research, not practice; wanted to explain dynamics of human behavior
-Used cocaine often
-Earned MD and started clinical neurology practice in 1881 |
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-Examined by Josef Breuer (father-figure and mentor of Freud)
-Used free association as opposed to hypnosis; Anna called it "chimney sweeping"
-Freud got his ideas of transference-feelings patients get for therapist-from this case |
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Definition
| An act of forgetting or a lapse in speech that reflects unconscious motives or anxieties |
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Definition
Libido-life instinct, sexual in nature
Thanatos-death instinct, destructive and aggressive |
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Definition
Primitive, immediate gratification, no controls or inhiibitions; operates by pleasure principle
-Reservoir of psychic energy, libido; engages in primary process thinking |
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Definition
-Senses and perceives outside world; develops to mediate needs with outside world
-Operates by reality principle
-Secondary process thinking: rational, conscious, logical
Guides but doesn't control Id |
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Term
| Superego (Freudian theory) |
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Definition
-Develops in response to societal need for moral behavior
-in continual conflict with impulsivity of Id and expediency of Ego
-Subdivided into ego-ideal and conscience |
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| Freud's Psychosexual Stages |
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Definition
| Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Puberty (Genital) |
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Definition
| birth-2 years; pleasure through mouth |
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2-4 years; pleasure through anus; beginnings of Reality Principle as child adapts; poddy-training key
Anal-retentive or Anal-expulsive |
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Definition
| 4-6 years; pleasure through genitals; Oedipal complex, electra complex, castration anxiety, penis envy |
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| 6-12; sexuality repressed, replaced with affection toward same-gender friends; sexual impulses diverted to constructive activities |
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| Freud's Genital phase (Puberty) |
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Definition
-Increase in libido due to hormones; focus on procreation
-Considered homosexuality to be pathological severe phallic fixation |
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| Freud's theory on anxiety |
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Definition
-Anxiety as indicator of conflict
-3 types: realistic, neurotic and moral |
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| Freud's theory on defense mechanisms |
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Definition
-Kept conflicts out of consciousness; acted outside of conscious awareness themselves
-Anna Freud detailed defenses
-Repression is cornerstone of defenses; regression is moving backward to earlier psychosexual stage
Types: projection, introjection, intellectualization, rationalization, reaction formation, sublimation |
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| Oral personalities (two types) |
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Definition
Oral dependent (receptive):
-Passive and dependent; given to obesity, smoking, drinking, etc.
Oral aggressive
-Negative, sarcastic; distrustful, demanding and manipulative |
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| Anal personalities (two types) |
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Definition
Anal retentive (OCD):
-Orderly and controlled, stingy and miserly, hoard love
Anal expulsive:
-Sloppy, careless, disorganized, defiant, possibly artistic |
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Definition
-overly sexualized, superficial sex relationships lacking in love, may be counterculture because of not resolving castration anxiety
-Assertiveness in women as "masculinity complex"
-homosexuals in this category |
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| passed through prior stages leaving enough energy for healthy work and love |
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| actual neurosis; psychoneurosis; transference neurosis; narcissistic neurosis; traumatic neurosis; psychosis |
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-long-term, typically 3-4 x's/wk for years
YAVIS clients: young, affluent, verbal, intelligent, sophisticated
-Dream analysis, free association, interpretation |
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-Establishing therapeutic alliance
-analyzing resistance
-analyzing transference
-provide insight to strengthen ego, loosen superego restrictions and control id |
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| Neo-Freudian concept of conflict-free ego; source of conflicts seen as external (social) rather than internal (instinctual) |
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Family and Social Origins of Personality disturbances
-Ten neurotic needs
-3 life strategies: moving toward people, moving away from people, moving against people
-"Vagina envy" |
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Interpersonal theory of psychiatry: dynamisms, self-system
-Theory of cognition: prototaxic, parataxic and syntaxic experiences |
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| Psychosocial stages of development |
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Definition
-Freedom and Psychological conflicts
-basic human needs-relatedness, belonging, transcendedness, object relations
-Character orientations: receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing, productive
-Focused on loneliness, isolation, dependency |
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