Term
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Definition
- Goal directed movement
- reactive movement
- reflexive movement
- spontaneous movement |
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Term
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Definition
intentional movements that are voluntary
- a throw in during a soccer game |
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Term
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Definition
involuntary or voluntary that have little conscious control
- shielding a ball when there is pressure from a defender |
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Term
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Definition
involuntary movements that require no conscious control. Without learning
- bringing hands in front of the body to brace fall |
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Term
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Definition
| uncontrollable, rhythmic type of motion that do not seem to have any clear purpose |
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Term
| primitive movement patterns |
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Definition
movements humans explore during growth and developmental stages of life
- rolling, pushing up, quadruped, crawling |
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Term
| key structures of a motor skill |
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Definition
| a coordinated set of movements that can be learned through practice and have a desired outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily emphasizes the quality of the movement that makes the skill successful. decision making is minimized and motor performance is maximized |
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Term
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Definition
| a skill where movement is less important than the actual decisions guiding the movement. Decision making is maximized and motor control is minimized |
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Term
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Definition
environment is variable and unpredictable during the action
- team sports or driving a car in traffic |
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Term
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Definition
environment is stable
- swimming in an empty lane or drilling a hole in a block of wood |
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Term
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Definition
defined beginning and end often with a very brief duration of movement
- throwing a ball, turning on a light switch |
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Term
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Definition
no particular beginning or end, behavior is flowing
- swimming or knitting |
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Term
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Definition
| performers' limb movements control a level, wheel, handle, or some other device to follow the movements of some target track |
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Term
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Definition
group of discrete skills strung together to make up a new, more complicated skilled action
- gymnastics routine |
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Term
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Definition
large muscle groups used
- jumping |
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Term
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Definition
small muscle groups used
- typing |
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Term
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Definition
| perceiving relevant environmental and movement information |
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Term
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Definition
| deciding what to do and where and when to do it to achieve the goal |
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Term
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Definition
| producing organized muscular activity to generate movements that achieve the goal |
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Term
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Definition
a high degree of accuracy in sequential, temporal, and spacial skills
- maximum certainty of goal achievement |
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Term
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Definition
| always being able to perform at a certain level |
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Term
| stimulus identification (input) |
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Definition
What is it?
- incoming shot/ball |
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Term
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Definition
What is the action plan?
- blocking and catching the ball |
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Term
| Response programming (output) |
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Definition
How do we execute the action plan?
- puts hands in front of their body and eyes closed |
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Term
| Psychological refractory period (PRP) |
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Definition
- delay in response to two closely spaced stimuli
- if the body responds to the first stimulus, it cannot respond to the second stimulus in time |
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Term
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Definition
capability of a performer to predict where the event will occur
- Where you are located on the basketball court |
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Term
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Definition
capability of a performer to predict when an event will occur
- How you play at the start of a basketball game in comparison to the last seconds |
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Term
| perceptual/event anticipation |
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Definition
capability to predict environmental events
- Who is around you when you are going to the basket? (shoot or layup?) |
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Term
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Definition
| can be improved with repetition and exposure to situations that allow a person to react rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| time between the presence of the stimulus and the start of a response |
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Term
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Definition
| slower because there is more stimulus to focus on |
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Term
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Definition
| when your body recognizes the stimulus and neurologically decides what to do. Affective pathway to the brain where the information is processed. Before the movement |
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Term
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Definition
| when the Effective pathway comes into play and the body moves in response to the stimulus and response decision. The movement |
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Term
| Hicks law and implications of the law for coach |
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Definition
| stable relationships between the number of stimulus-response options and choice reaction time --> more stimulus = take longer to respond |
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Term
| Why is choice reaction time slower than simple reaction time? |
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Definition
| Because there are more stimulus that the person needs to focus on |
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Term
| How to improve simple and choice reaction time |
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Definition
| repetition and exposure to situations allows a person to react rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
the muscle's ability to replicate a specific contraction or amount of contractions in reactions in a specific movement
- involves the muscle spindles and fibers more than cognitive recognition and memory |
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Term
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Definition
the body's ability to understand, know, and remember a specific pattern of movement. The muscles are a part of this, but it is the skill and movement that your body has memorized
- involves more cognitive recognition and memory of a movement pattern |
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Term
| Where is motor memory primarily stored? |
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Definition
| cerebellum: plays a role in processing procedural memories, such as how to play piano and basketball |
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Term
| Narrow internal example (activation, preparation) |
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Definition
felling in the left knee
- mental imagery and rehearsal
- problem solving |
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Term
| narrow external example (action, reaction) |
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Definition
center of the catcher's glove
- execution of movements |
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Term
| broad internal example (assessment, analysis) |
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Definition
feel of the full golf swing
- evaluation
- strategic planning |
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Term
| broad external example (awareness, alertness) |
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Definition
movement of opposing players
- environmental awareness
- surrounding sense |
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Term
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Definition
| level of excitement produced under stress. A physiological and psychological state that reflects energy level |
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Term
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Definition
| focus is wide, slow reaction time, pick up irrelevant information, sloppy decision making. Good for fine/complex movements |
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Term
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Definition
| focus is narrow, picks up pertinent information, attention shifts. Good for gross and simple movements |
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Term
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Definition
| level is one that produces an attentional focus narrow enough to exclude irrelevant cues and wide enough to gather the most important cues (inverted U) |
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Term
| Why do humans have limited information processing capability |
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Definition
- information processing space/capacity is limited
- struggle to perform 2+ tasks at a time. Think about multi-tasking... |
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Term
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Definition
monitoring the ongoing movement
- decrease in --> automaticity, body coordination, and movement speed |
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Term
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Definition
intended effect of action (more skilled performance)
- enhances movement effectiveness and efficiency, motor skill learning, and motor/sports performance |
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Term
| What is self-focused attention? |
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Definition
| when a performer is under psychological stress they tend to direct their attention to their own thoughts, feelings, and movement execution |
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Term
| How does internal attention affect skill performance under psychological stress? |
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Definition
- increased emotion response
- increase inhibition in the motor cortex and cerebellum
- decreases coordination and movement efficiency |
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Term
| What are the implications of the Bliss-Border hypothesis on performance and motor skills? |
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Definition
- paying too much attention to one's movement patter --> disrupts efficient performance. Direct attention to an automatic process can mess it up
- When asked to pay attention to processes, the performer is forced out of non-conscious modes of processing into more controlled information processing. Ie. breathing/blinking |
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Term
| exteroceptive information |
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Definition
sensory information from outside of the body
- sound, colors, temperatures |
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Term
| interoceptive information |
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Definition
information sensed from within the body
- pain, hunger, movement of internal organs |
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Term
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Definition
unconscious perception/awareness of position/movement of body
- body position in space
- cognitive |
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Term
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Definition
awareness of the position/movement of the parts of the body in the muscles and joints
- feeling the body motion and movement (muscle spindles and golgi tendon)
- sobriety test
- behavioral |
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Term
| muscle spindles (muscle stretch and stretch tension) |
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Definition
sensitive to stretch and relaxation of a muscle fiber
- passive stretch
- speed of contraction |
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Term
| GTO (muscle tension and contraction) |
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Definition
sensitive to tension causing reflexive relaxation when threshold is exceeded
- active contraction
- muscle tension |
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Term
| Ruffini nerve endings (joint position and angle) |
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Definition
sensitive to touch, pressure, and vibrations and are responsible for the stretch of skin, sustained pressure, and perception of heat
- position of a joint during movement |
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Term
| Cutaneous receptors (pressure and touch) |
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Definition
found in the epidermis
- sensitive to touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and itches |
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Term
| What are 3 factors that contribute to balanced performance? |
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Definition
- Vision --> gazing and saccads
- Proprioceptive pathway --> cerebellum, muscles, balance
- Vestibular pathway --> vestibulocerebellum |
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Term
| What is M1 (myotatic reflex) |
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Definition
non functional
- knee jerk (30-50 ms) |
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Term
| Examples of M2 (functional stress reflex) |
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Definition
functional
- tonic neck reflex (50-80 ms) |
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Term
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Definition
- operates consciously
- size, color, shape
- What is it? |
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Term
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Definition
- operates non-consciously
- peripheral
- position, speed, movement
- Where is it? |
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Term
| application of optical flow (the flow of light across retina) to skill performance |
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Definition
soccer goalie tracking and saving a soccer ball in the top left corner
- speed and direction of movement
- movement of performer
- stability and balance
- time and contact |
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Term
| What is neuromuscular control? |
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Definition
| Efferent response: unconscious trained response of a muscle that occurs in response to sensory information |
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Term
| What are the 2 major functions of neuromuscular control? |
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Definition
| protective and preventive function |
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Term
| closed loop control system |
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Definition
- regulation of motor control through sensory information
- automatic information processing and movement execution
- provides information before movement, during movement (errors and adjustments needed), and after movement (success of response and learning) |
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Term
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Definition
| a central control system that provides specific advanced instructions for operations such as muscle contraction, movement sequence, and timing |
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Term
| What is feedforward control? |
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Definition
Movements are planned based on sensory information from "motor memory? and utilizing advanced information from past experiences (knowledge based)
- helps pre-activate muscles and prepares them for an upcoming event
- preprograms muscle activation patterns and movement execution mode
- responsible for preparatory muscle activity and controlled processing activity |
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Term
| Advantages of an open-loop control system? |
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Definition
- quick and forceful movement production
- knowledge and experience increase the speed of movement production
- no error detection during movement --> limited modifications during movement
- advanced instructions, sequencing, and preparation for movement execution |
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Term
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Definition
| an internal copy of an efferent, movement-producing signal generated by the motor system that enables a comparison of actual movement with desired movement |
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Term
| Key evidence to support the existence of an open-loop control system |
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Definition
- reaction time increases when more elements are added to the movement
- electromyography: blocking afferent information has limited effect on movement production
- elite athletes perform skills too rapidly for feedback to be used in control process |
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Term
| What are the components of open-loop control systems? |
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Definition
- executive (CNS) --> pre activation
- Effectors --> muscles, tendons, and joints
- Comparator (inactive) --> after performance
- feedback (inactive) --> after performance |
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Term
| What is the generalized motor program? |
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Definition
The idea that a motor program for a particular class of actions is stored in memory and that a unique pattern of activity will result whenever the program is executed
- a pattern of movements (temporal and sequential)
- a class of action
- not a specific movement
- Key features: movement sequence or order, relative timing, relative force |
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Term
| invariant features of GPM |
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Definition
| relative timing/speed/force and order of sequence of movements/events |
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Term
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Definition
a performer can change his movement for the skill without developing a new pattern, but by changing some feature of the movement
- overall movement force/time, movement direction or angle, selection of body limb |
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Term
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Definition
predicts that the time required to rapidly move to a target area is a function of the ratio between the distance to the target and the width of the target
- speed and accuracy trade-off you increase the speed of a movement then you decrease the accuracy of that movement
- it is important that when developing a movement the pattern is learned before learning how to control the movement |
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Term
| Movement time is affected by... |
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Definition
- size of targets
- distance between targets |
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Term
| What are violations of Fitts law? |
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Definition
* timing, accuracy, and movement speed
- Faster movement leads to less movement timing error
- the timing error is proportional to the movement time
* Inverted V
- as the number of force increases, spatial errors increase until a certain level
- when the force is greater than 70% of the maximum level, force variability and spatial errors begin to decrease |
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