Term
| Successful performance depends on our ability to use what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The quality of the feedback mechanisms is influenced by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Influence of errors on performance depends on how well developed what is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it important for Physical Educators to understand the complexities of the somatosensory system? |
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Definition
-Can use cutaneous and proprioceptive cues to facilitate skill learning
-Can increase learner's awareness of where the limbs are in space during movement |
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Term
| Why is it important for Clinicians to understand the complexities of the somatosensory system? |
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Definition
| Increases the accuracy of the diagnosis and quality of treatment. |
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Term
| General Properties of Sensory Receptors and Afferent Pathways |
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Definition
Adequate Stimulation
-Intensity Coding
Sensory Adaptation |
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Term
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Definition
| Environmental Energy --> Electrical Impulses. |
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Term
| Sensory receptors distributed throughout the body respond to particular kinds of sensory stimulation |
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Definition
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Term
| Property that enables us to distinguish between different sensations |
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Definition
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Term
| The intensity of a stimulus can be conveyed by what two mechanisms? |
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Definition
spatial summation
temporal summation |
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Term
| The stronger the stimulus the larger the number of different sensory receptors that fire. |
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Definition
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Term
| The stimulated receptors are fired at a higher frequency. |
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Definition
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Term
| The means by which we are able to block out irrelevant sensory information |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the first stage of integration occur? |
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Definition
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Term
Where is Proprioceptive information carried to?
And this results in what? |
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Definition
The sensory areas of the cortex.
Result - Conscious awareness of sensations. |
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Term
| Where does the Ultimate integration of sensory information occur? |
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Definition
| The association areas of the cortex. |
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Term
| Carries information about the position of muscles both directly and indirectly from the muscle spindles to the cerebellum. |
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Definition
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Term
| temperature and limb position. |
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Definition
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Term
| What Primary receptors are involved in somesthesia? |
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Definition
-Cutaneous receptors
-Proprioceptors |
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Term
| Cutaneous receptor stimulated by physical deformation or displacement of tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are four types of Mechanoreceptors? |
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Definition
-Sensory Nerve Fibers
-Meissner's Corpuscles
-Merkel's Disks
-Pacinian Corpuscles |
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Term
| Epithelial tissue/Touch & Pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| Connective tissue sheaths & hairless portions of skin/Light touch |
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Definition
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Term
| Near Meissner’s corpusles/ Constant contact |
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Definition
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Term
| Deep Tissue, tendons, ligaments/Deep pressure |
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Definition
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Term
Direct the learner’s attention to the appropriate cutaneous information provided by receptors.
ex - Feel your weight on your back foot |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanoreceptors in muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints and the vestibular apparatus (inner ear). |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscles are muscle spindles found in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most important proprioceptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What serves both sensory and motor function? |
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Definition
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Term
| Higher number of spindles are found in muscles that do what? |
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Definition
| Subserving fine movements |
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Term
| What muscle fibers are used to produce muscular contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscle fiber comprises the spindle? |
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Definition
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Term
| The motor neurons to extrafusal muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| The motor neurons to intrafusal muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| The neurons with action potentials moving away from the spindle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What signals absolute muscle length and the rate of change in muscle length and contributes to the automatic regulation of muscle length? |
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Definition
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Term
| What detects muscle tension, rate and absolute amount, and is activated with active or passive lengthening? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tends to be inhibitory in nature, producing muscle relaxation, overrides spindles and is a protective mechanism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are joint receptors located? |
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Definition
| Joint capsules and ligaments |
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Term
| What kind of information do Join Receptors Provide? |
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Definition
| Static position of a joint in space and endpoint positions of joints during active movement. |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 afferent sources of Kinesthesia? |
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Definition
-Muscle Spindles
-Golgi Tendon Organs
-Joint Receptors
-Cutaneous Receptors |
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Term
| What serves as the first source of muscular force or effort? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What serves as the preferred source of effort? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two types of cues? |
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Definition
| Cutaneous and proprioceptive |
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Term
| Direct attention and level of effort required |
|
Definition
| cutaneous and proprioceptive cues |
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Term
| Body's Spatial positioning before, during and after. |
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Definition
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Term
Orientation of the body to the surrounding environment
Visual and audio feedback |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 functions of sensory feedback? |
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Definition
-Check for correctness
-Guides planning and modification
-Assists in learning or relearning |
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Term
| What are the two visual systems? |
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Definition
-Focal : What
-Ambient : Where |
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Term
| Identification of objects primarily in the center of the visual field. |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the eye does the focal system involve and what type of light is it best suited for? |
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Definition
| Involves the fovea of the eye, has high visual acuity and is best in bright light. |
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Term
| Visual system that involves conscious thought? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Ambient system used for and what type of light is it best suited for? |
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Definition
| Used for subconscious thought, involves the entire retina and is best in dim light. |
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Term
| The two visual systems work in _______ in most movement situations. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two sac like dwellings consisting of: utricle, saccule, and three semicircular canals |
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Definition
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Term
| Static and dynamic equilibrium and resolution of sensory conflicts. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Utricle responsible for? |
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Definition
| Horizontal acceleration of head. |
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Term
| What is the Saccule responsible for? |
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Definition
| Vertical acceleration of head. |
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Term
| What are the Semicircular Canals responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| These are areas of the brain that have specific functions during planning/execution of an action |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Limbic system responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Association cortex responsible for? |
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Definition
| What to do (the general plan) |
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Term
| What is the Projection system responsible for? |
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Definition
| How to do (adds the details) |
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Term
| What is the Spinal system responsible for? |
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Definition
| Execution (final details, control, modification) |
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Term
| Besides the decision to act what else is the Limbic system responsible for? |
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Definition
| Emotion, Motivation, and learning |
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Term
| What areas of the brain are involved in the Limbic system? |
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Definition
| Thalamus, Hypothalamus, amygdula, septal area, and hippocampus |
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Term
| Analysis in the Limbic system is dependent on what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of input does the limbic system receive and analyze? |
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Definition
| Sensory input and environmental input |
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Term
| What part of the brain is involved in the Association cortex? |
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Definition
| Frontal, Parietal, and Temporal lobes |
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Term
| This Identifies, selects, and intertwines meaningful information for distribution to higher cortical levels? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Where does the Association Cortex receive it's information from? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| This identifies, selects and intertwines meaningful information for distribution to higher cortical levels. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This adds details to the general plan. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Provides detailed motor and sensory information to match the goal of the movement and the environmental demands. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Parts of the brain involved in the Projection System |
|
Definition
| Basal ganglia, the cerebellum, and the motor cortex. |
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Term
| Function cooperatively to guide goal-directed behavior. |
|
Definition
| Limbic system and the Association cortex |
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|
Term
| What 3 things does Muscle Response Synergies do? |
|
Definition
-Groups of muscles constrained to act as a single functional unit.
Reduces the number of degrees of freedom
Simplifies the decision-making process for the CNS |
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|
Term
-Type of action produced at the joint(s) crossed by the muscle response synergy
-The total number of synergies needed to generate enough force to produce the desired action. |
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Definition
| 2 Ways Muscle Response Synergies simplifies the decision-making process for the CNS |
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|
Term
| What are two types of Spinal System Neurons? |
|
Definition
-Alpha Motor Neurons
-Gamma Motor Neurons |
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|
Term
-Final pathway from CNS to skeletal muscle
-Organized into groups, or pools, within the spinal cord
-Function as teams to innervate groups of muscles |
|
Definition
-Final pathway from CNS to skeletal muscle
-Organized into groups, or pools, within the spinal cord
-Function as teams to innervate groups of muscles 3 aspects of Alpha Motor Neurons |
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|
Term
| What are 2 aspects of Gamma Motor Neurons? |
|
Definition
-Pathway from brain to the muscle spindle
-Increase precision of control |
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Term
|
Definition
| One alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates |
|
|
Term
| What do smaller motor units increase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do larger motor units increase? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Besides executing the plan of action the Spinal System does what to muscles? |
|
Definition
| Regulates the timing of muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains feedback loops - sampling the movement for comparison with the goal and the environment |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The Spinal System provides post movement evaluation based on what? |
|
Definition
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