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Motivation
Exam One: Chapter Three
35
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
01/25/2010

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Term
What is ghrelin?
Definition
hunger causing hormone that is manufactored in the stomach, circulated in the blood and detected by the brain. Ghrelin increases when food is scarce.
Term
What brain structure monitors how much ghrelin is in the blood?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
What is leptin?
Definition
hunger-suppressing hormone that is created in the adipose (fat) tissues and released into the blood stream to stimulate brain activity underlying satiety.
Term
What are the biochemical agents found within the body called?
Definition
hormones
Term
What are the biochemical agents found within the central nervous system called?
Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
What are the three basic principles of brain-based motivational processes?
Definition
1. Environmental events stir biochemical agents into action
2. Biochemical agents stimulate particular brain structures
3. Specific brain structures generate specific motivations
Term
What are neurotransmitters?
Definition
The chemical communication messengers of the central nervous system, allowing neurons to communicate with one another.)
Term
What are hormones?
Definition
Communication messengers of the endocrine system. (allowing glands to communicate through the blood stream with bodily organs like the heart or lungs.)
Term
What is the cerebral cortex associated with?
Definition
cognitive functions: thinking, planning, remembering
setting a goal, valuing an activity
- performs executive functions
Term
What are the eight key brain structures involved with motivation and emotion?
Definition
- Septal area
- Cerebral Cortex
- Hippocampus
- Hypothalamus
- Amygdala
- Reticular Formation
- Medial Forebrain Bundle
- Prefrontal Cerebral Cortex
Term
What is the limbic system? What structures are included?
Definition
inner lobe of the brain that surrounds the brain stem and lies beneath the cortex, including:
- hypothalamus
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- septal area
and connecting fibers
Term
What are five of the approach-oriented brain structures?
Definition
- Hypothalamus
- Medial Forebrain Bundle
- Septal Area
- Cerebral Cortex
- Left prefrontal cerebral cortex
Term
What are three of the avoidance-oriented brain structures?
Definition
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Right prefrontal cerebral cortex
Term
What is the reticular formation associated with?
Definition
Arousal in two parts:
- reticular activating system (ascending) which alerts and arouses the cortex, wakes up
-descending reticular formation which regulates muscles.
Term
What is the hypothalamus associated with?
Definition
-pleaurable feelings associated with eating, drinking and mating
- regulates basic biological functions and the body's internal environment
- regulates endocrine and autonomic nervous system
- responsible for igniting motivations of hunger, satiety, thirst and sex
- controls the pituitary gland which technically regulates the endocrine system based on the released hormones
Term
What is the medial forebrain bundle associated with?
Definition
- pleasure center
- reinforcment
- connects hypothalamus to the the rest of the limbic system
- positivity
Term
What is the septal area associated with?
Definition
- pleasure relating to sociability and sexuality
Term
What is the left prefrontal cerebral cortex associated with?
Definition
- approach motivation regulation
- emotional tendencies such as happy vs. sad
Term
What is the right prefrontal cerebral cortex associated with?
Definition
- withdraw motivational and emotional tendencies
- regulates the calm vs. anxious types of emotions
Term
What is the amygdala associated with?
Definition
detecting and responding to threats and danger
- causing fear, anger, anxiety
- survival related issues
- self-preservation
- perception of others' emotions, particularly negative
- learning new fears and associations
Term
What is the hippocampus associated with?
Definition
-Behavioral inhibition system during unexpected events
Term
What is the orbitofrontal cortex associated with?
Definition
Approach mentality. Learning the incentive value of events and making choices.
Term
What are the two personality dimensions qualified by a response to positive and negative emotion?
Definition
Behaviorial Inhibition System and Behavioral Activation System
Term
What brain structure corresponds with BAS and BIS?
Definition
People with sensitive left pre-frontal lobes score high on Behavioral Activation System, meaning they respond well to incentives and positivity.
People with sensitive right pre-frontal lobes tend to react strongly to negative emotional cues.
Term
What four neurotransmitters are central to motivation?
Definition
- dopamine
- seratonin
- norepinephrine
- endorphin
Term
What is dopamine?
Definition
neurotransmitter which generates good feelings. events that signal reward or anticipation of pleasure trigger dopamine release. unexpected events/rewards and anticipation are responsible.
- produces enhanced functioning such as creativity and insightful problem solving
- makes us perceive things around us as attractive and approach them
Term
What three hormones are integral to motivation and emotion?
Definition
- Cortisol
- testosterone
- oxytocin
Term
What is serotonin?
Definition
neurotransmitter which influences mood and emotion
Term
What is norepinephrine?
Definition
neurotransmitter that regulates arousal and alertness
Term
What is endorphin?
Definition
neurotransmitter which inhibits pain, anxiety, and fear by generating good feelings to counter the negative ones
Term
What is cortisol?
Definition
hormone that activates in the face of social-evaluative threats (public speaking) and almost any effort to negotiate one's social status when doubted/challenged. "Stess hormone". results in poor intellectual functioning and health outcomes.
Term
What is testosterone?
Definition
hormone associated with high sexual motivation. underlies the mating effort and same sex competition. it is responsive to environmental factors such as marriage.
Term
What is oxytocin?
Definition
"tend and befriend stress response"
why people counsel and confide in friends during stressful events. especially in women, motivates a third possible coping response, seek help/support.
Term
What is the "comparator" and which brain function is responsible?
Definition
Comparator is responsible for comparing environmental inputs with expectations. This is done by the hippocampus.
Term
Which hormone affects motor system and activates goal-directed approach behaviors?
Definition
Dopamine
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