Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Motivation and Emotion
N/A
48
Psychology
10th Grade
03/01/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Motivations
Definition
Feelings or dieas that causes us to act toward a goal
Term
Instincts
Definition
Automatic behaviors performed in response to specific stimuli
Term
Behavior
Definition
Motivated by other biololgical and psychological factors
Term
Drive Reduction Theory
Definition

Our behavior is motivated by biological needs

 

Cannot explain all our motivations. Sometimes, we are motivated to perform behaviors that do not seem connected with any need or drive, primary or secondary

  • Ex) you wake up late and skip breakfast, your body has a need for food that is not satisfied. This need creates a drive, hunger, and this drive causes you to get food from vending machines in order to satisfy needs
Term
Need
Definition

requirement for survival like

food, water, or shelter

Term
Drive
Definition

our impulse to act in a way that satisfies this need

  • Primary Drives: biological needs, like thirst
  • Secondary Drives: learned drives like money
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Balanced internal state. When we are out, we have a need that creates a drive
Term
Arousal Theory
Definition

We seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal

  • Can be measured by different physiological tests
  • An easy task goes with a high arousal
  • A complicated task goes with a low level of arousal
Term
Incentive Theory
Definition

Stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning

Sometimes, behavior is not pushed by a need, it is pulled by a desire

 

We learn to associate some stimuli with rewards and others with punishment, and we are motivated to seek the rewards

  • Ex) you may learn that studying with friends if fun but does not produce the desired results around test time, so you are motivated to study alone to get the reward of a good test score.
Term
Abraham Maslow
Definition

Pointed out that not all needs are created equal.

  • We will act to satisfy biological needs like sruvival and safety. Then we will act to satisfy our emotional needs like love and self-esteem
Term
Maslow Hierarchy
Definition
[image]
Term
Hunger Motivation
Definition

Why do we become hungry? Our bodies need food!

Some people eat even when their body has enough food and some people do not eat when their body needs it

 

Hunger can involve several biologica, psychological, and social factors

Term
Biological basis of Hunger
Definition

We report feeling hungry when our stomach is empty and contracts and full when our stomach feels full

 

The hypothalamus plays a major role in the basis of hunger

Term
Hypothalamus
Definition

monitors and helps to control body chemistry and makes us feel hungry when we need to eat.

 

If it functions properly, it sends signals when to eat and stop eating at appropriate times

Term
Lateral Hypothalamus
Definition

When stimulated causes the animal to eat

  • Destruction of this area destroys hunger, and the animal will starve to death unless forced to eat
Term
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Definition

causes the animal to stop eating when it is stimulated

  • If this area is destroyed, the animal will eat and gain more and more weight unless it is deprived of food
Term
Set Point Theory
Definition

how the hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight

  • When we drop below taht weight, the hypothalamus tells us we should eat and lowers our metabolic rate
Term
Metabolic Rate
Definition
How quickly ourt body uses energy
Term
Psychological Factors in Hunger Motivation
Definition

Our drive to eat appears to be governed strictly by our physiology

 

Everyone respons to both types of cues but to greater or lesser extents. These and other factors in eating might be learned.

 

The culture and background affect our food preferences. The foods we are raised with are most likely the foods we find most appetiziing

Term
Externals (Psychological Hunger Motivation)
Definition
Motivated to eat by external food cues, such as attractiveness or availability of food
Term
Internals
Definition
less affected by the presence and presentation of food and respond more often to internal hunger cues
Term
The Garcia effect
Definition

Can frastically affect what foods make us hungry.

This is caused by the and occurs whenever nausea is paired with either food or drink.

 

Ex) If you eat hot dogs and then happen to get nauseous, hot dogs will probably be unappetizing to you even if you know the hot dogs did not cause your sickness.

Term
Eating Disorders
Definition

Bulimia- eat large amounts of food and then throw up, majority are women

 

Anorexia nervosa- starve themselves, most are women

 

Obesity- Severely overweight and the weight threatenes their helath. Unhealthy eating habits rather than food obsessions. Some people be genetically predisposed to obesity.

 

Different cultures have different rates of eating disorders, which places emphasis on body weight. The United States for example

Term
Sexual motivation
Definition
Vit for the continuation of any species- reproductions

It is motivated by both biological and psychological factors
Term
Sexual Response Cycle
Definition

Initial excitment: heart rate + respiration increase. erected genitials

 

Plateau phase: respiration and heart rate continue at an elevated level

 

Orgasm: genital contractions that help conception, respiration and heart rate increases. ejaculation- pleasurable euphoria.

 

Resolution phase: respiration and heart rate return to normal resting states

 

Term
Psycological Factors in Sexual Motivation
Definition

The desire is not strictly by hormones. It is more psychological than biological.

 

the desire can be present when sex is lost.

  • Accident victims still have desires

Erotic material can inspire sexual feelings and physiological responses in men and women, such as elevated levels of hormones

 

Term
Achievement Motivation
Definition

Theory that tries to explain the motivations behind these more complex behaviors

  • examines our desires to master complex tasks and knowledge and to reach personal goals
  • Some people are motivarted to challenge themselves, thus setting the "bar" a little higher and seek new challenges
Term
Extrinsic Motivation
Definition

Rewards that we get fro accomplishments from outside ourselves (salary, grades)

  • are very effective fro a short period of time
  • Knowing what type of motivation and indiviual respons best give managers and other leaders into what strategies are most effective
Term
Intrsinsic motivators
Definition

rewards we get internally such as enjoyment or satisfaction

  • If we want an advantageous behavior to continue, this motivation is most effective
  • Knowing what type of motivation and indiviual respons best give managers and other leaders into what strategies are most effective
Term
Management Theory
Definition

Research on managing or leadership

  • Theory X: managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment
  • Theory Y: managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive

Managers most likely want to promote intrinsic motivation in employees, afterall, who wants to give away benefits?

Term
When Motives Conflict
Definition

Sometimes you find yourself conflicted about what choice to make.

  • Approach-approach conflict: must choose between 2 goods.
  • Avoidance-avoidance conflict: Must choose between 2 ugly, bad outcomes
  • Approach-avoidance conflict: when one goal as good and bad
  • Multiple approach avoidance conflicts: choose between 2 or 3 things, each having both desirable and undesirable
Term
Approach-approach conflict
Definition

but choose between 2 desirable outcome

  • Ex) For Spring Break your friend invites you to spend the week in Puerto Rico and another asks you to go to San Francisco
  • Both are appealing but can only choose one
Term
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Definition

must choose between two unattractive outcomes

 

  • Ex) Your parents gave u a choice between staying home and cleaning garage or going on a boring family trip
  • What would you choose?
Term
Approach-avoidance conflict
Definition

when one event or goal has both good and bad

  • Ex) If you are lactose-intolerant, an ice cream would be both: the taste is delicious! but its effect on your condition isnt!
Term
Multiple Approach-avoidance conflicts
Definition

Choosing between two or more things, that as both desirable and undesirable

  • Similar to approach-avoidance but has more than 2 things
Term
Emotion
Definition

Emotion is related to motivation

  • Emotion influences motivation, and motivation influences emotion.
Term
William James and Carl Lange
Definition

theorized that we feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress

  • Ex) When the big bad wolf jumps out of the woods, Little Red Riding Hood's heart races, and this physiological change occurs her to feel afraid
Term
Walter Canon and Philip Bard
Definition

Pyshiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states

  • Ex) When Little Red Riding Hood's heart races, how does she know if she feels afraif, in love, embarrassed, or merely joyful?
  • Canon thought the thalamus is responsible for both biological and chagne and the cognitive awareness of emotions
  • Thalamus recieves info. on information our environment and sends signals simultaneously to our cortex and automatic nervous system
Term
James-Lange Versus Canon-Bard
Definition

Do we feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress or psyhiological changes that correspond with drastically different emotional states?

  • Cannon O.D. on the role of the thalamus
  • But the Amygdala are involved
Term
Two-Factory Theory
Definition

Stanley Schacter

  • Emotion depends on the interaction between two factors, biology and cognition
  • both our physical responses and our cognitive labels combine to cause any particular emotional response
  • Showed that people who are already physiologically aroused w/ experience more intense emotions than unaroused people when both groups are exposed to the same stimuli 
  • Ex) if ur heart rate is high after a jog, u will be more scared by a suprise than a suprise in normal state
Term
Stress
Definition

Stress and emotion are connected concepts

  • It is studied to help us w/ problems caused by stress
  • Stressors: certain life events
  • Stress reaction: How we react to these changed in teh environment
Term
Measuring Stress
Definition

Psychologists Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe designed one of the first instrument to measure stress.

  • Uses SRRS and LCUs
Term
SRRS and LCUs
Definition

SRRS: social readjustment rating scale measured stress using life-change unites (LCUs)

  • A person taking teh SRRS resported changes in their life, such as selling a home or changing jobs
  • Any major life change increases the score on the SRRS
  • People w/ high SRRS is more likely to have stress-related diseases than a person w/ low score.
Term
Seyle's General Adaptation Syndrome
Definition

Han Seyle's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) describes the general response animals have to a stressful event

Our response pattern to many different physical and emotional stresses is very consistent

  • Alarm reaction
  • Resistance
  • Exhaustion

Stress can contribute both physical diseases and emotional difficulties

We can be vulnerable to diseases due to exhaustion

Term

Alarm Reaction

(GAS)

Definition
Heart rate increases, blood is diverted away from other body functions to muscles needed to react. The organism readies itself to meet the challenge through activation of the sympathetic nervous system
Term

Resistance

(GAS)

Definition

The body remains physiologically ready ( high hear rate)

 

Hormones are released to maintain this state of readiness

 

If the resistance stage lasts too long, the body can deplete its resources

 

Term

Exhaustion

(GAS)

Definition

The parasympathetic nervous system returns our physioloical state to normal.

 

We can be more vulnerable to disease in this stage especially if our resources were depleted by an extended resistance stage.

Supporting users have an ad free experience!