Term
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Definition
| ex: hpv, hepatitis b and c viruses. SV40 and polyomavirus. Papillomavirus, adenoviruses, herpesvirus, retrovirus (HIV) |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 types (intercellular- nuclear or membrane). receptor protein that binds to a specific hormone, 2 types (intercellular- nuclear or membrane), membrane types are like cAMP, inositol triphosphate (IP3) and calcium camodulin system, while nuclear types are like zinc finger proteins, glucocorticoids, estrogens, androgens |
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Term
| Intercellular/nuclear hormone receptor |
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Definition
| Binds to nucleus. Examples zinc finger proteins, glucocorticoids, estrogens, androgens |
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Term
| Membrane Hormone receptors |
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Definition
| Bind to membrane of cell, don't act directly on nucleus, but send signal. Ex.cAMP, inositol triphosphate (IP3) and calcium camodulin system |
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Term
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Definition
drug that acts on the cox, inhibits conversion of arachadonic acid into protoglandin “cyclo oxygenase’ 2 types.
drug that acts on the cyclooxygenase pathway, inhibits conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. COX-1 carries out normal, physiological production of prostaglandins, and COX-2, which is induced by cytokines, mitogens and endotoxins in inflammatory cells, and which is responsible for the production of prostaglandins in inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| is any member of a group of lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty acids and have important functions in the animal body. Every prostaglandin contains 20 carbon atoms, including a 5-carbon ring. They are mediators and have a variety of strong physiological effects, such as regulating the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue.[1] Although they are technically hormones, they are rarely classified as such. |
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Definition
| carries out normal, physiological production of prostaglandins |
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Term
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Definition
| is induced by cytokines, mitogens and endotoxins in inflammatory cells, and which is responsible for the production of prostaglandins in inflammation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 3 subunits: alpha, beta, gamma / during activation (by 2 things: receptor bind to it to cause a conformational change and then the affinity changes and attracts GTP) they separate / alpha activates the cyclase (2 forms: alpha I and alpha S). |
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Term
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Definition
| is a second messenger which mobilized Ca++ and regulate cell proliferation ‘inositol trisphosphate’ comes from the PI ‘phosphinosital’ pathway: you get pip, and pip2; you hyprolize pip2 to get Diasal glycerol and IP3; IP3 signals a calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (3rd messenger) |
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Term
| Skeletal muscle contraction |
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Definition
| Actin and Myosin (myosin heads move over the actin) slide over one another to shorten the sarcomeres. Nerve impulses signals the release of calcium to bind to troponinC which then modulates tropomyosin to move uncovering a site which myosin will then bind to actin. This then pulls Z bands towards each other shortening the sarcomere. ATP binds myosin releasing actin and the myosin is then cocked back. Energy dependent, energy comes from ATP hydrolysis. |
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Term
| Smooth muscle contraction |
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Definition
| calcium from intra or extracellular source. Major difference is that smooth muscle is not well organized into sarcomeres; the myosin light chain phosphorylates enabling contraction causes a conformational change |
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Definition
| Applies to microtubules; implies that they are shortening and lengthening unlike filaments. GTP binding and monomers are tubulin (protein, at least 2: alpha and beta) Applies to microtubules; implies that they are shortening and lengthening unlike filaments. GTP binding and monomers are tubule (protein, at least 2: alpha and beta) |
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Definition
| in terms of structure all filaments are formed of subunits bound by monomer, dimer, etc. requires energy not random association. Proteins that facilitate are… |
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Definition
| An enzyme located in the membrane; connected with Cyclic AMP pathway. Activated by subunit alpha of the G protein. Activation of this pathway is done by the binding of the ligen hormone to receptor and conformational change that triggers G protein to be activated and then cAMP that activates adenylyl cyclase which turns ATP --> cAMP |
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Term
| 3H-Thymidine Incorporation |
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Definition
| Incorporates into DNA during the S phase |
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Definition
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Definition
| When a cell is big enough to divide during the M phase; you looked for the condensed chromosomes. A fraction of the total cells exhibiting this feature is the mitotic index. Example: a brain will have like 0 and sm. Intestine will be high number. Is a ratio of cells in mitosis to total number of cells. |
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Term
| Actin Sequestering Protein |
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Definition
| A few ex: tropomyosin, the troponins: G actinin, alpha actinin, gelosins 2/3 complex, prevents the formation of actin filaments filamin, fimbrin, thyosin, spectrin, dystrophin. ADF/cofilin/gelsolin/thymosin prevents the formation of actin filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| these genes act as brakes that slow down cell cycle progression. ex: P53 and RB (retinablastoma) / term means that these proteins act during a normal cell cycle; in cancer these are knocked out or mutated or not express thus the cell divides from G1 to S even when there is DNA damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cyclic AMP activates 2nd messengers (protein A kinases) / study this path!!! Kinases phosphorylate various things downstream / A kinases have 4 subunits: (2 types: regulatory and catalytic) Cyclic AMP has to dissociate the regulatory subunits from catalytic subunits. The free catalytic subunits are then enzymatically active and able to phosphorylate serine residues on their target protein |
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Term
| Protein controlling cilia beat |
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Definition
| Composed of microtubules; organized in a 9+2 way. The outer microtubles are doublets(A + B fused together; another unit (dianin protein) gets energy and moves one over the other). Contractile elements, microtubules, outer are doublets, protein dynine moves it. gets energy and moves one over the other) |
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Term
| Aa (amino acid) targets for kinase |
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Definition
| 3 types: tyrosine, serine, and therinine |
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Term
| Ca++ binding muscle protein |
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Definition
| What binds Ca for muscle movement? calmodulin |
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Term
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Definition
Receptors: insulin, growth hormone, / what’s different in this pathway is (of the three pathways I need to study) G protein coupling is missing because receptor is part of the enzyme. You are going to find a ligand binding site, a domain outside of the membrane and one on the inside. Going to get a conformational change that results in a phosphoralated tyrosine on the receptor which links it to downstream receptors. (signal transduction pathway)
Receptors that are tyrosine kinase – insulin, etc. What’s missing? Answer: It does not have G-proteins because it is the enzyme. |
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Definition
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Definition
| think similar to cAMP dependent enzyme |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| diploid, interval gap between mitosis and initiation of DNA replication. Cell is metabolically active and grows, but does not replicate DNA |
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Term
| S phase or synthesis phase |
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Definition
| DNA replication takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell growth continues and proteins are synthesized in preparation for mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of daughter chromosomes and ending in cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Checkpoints in cell cycle |
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Definition
@ end of G1 - Start
@ end of G2 - mitotic checkpoint |
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Term
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Definition
| cell remains metabolically active but no longer proliferate unless called on to do so by appropriate extracellular signals. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 types: endocrine, paracrine, autocrine |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone secreted into bloodstream that regulates other cell far away |
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Term
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Definition
| activates neighbor target cell nearby |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone or chemical messenger that’s acts on self, or the same cell which released the messenger |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st enzyme that cleaves phospholipids before phosphate group in the PI (phosphoinositide) pathway; products are IP3 and DAG (diacyl glycerol) |
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Term
| Drug blocks microtubule assembly |
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Definition
| Vinblastine, Colchicine, podophyllotoxin, etc. taxol (anti-cancer drug, stabilizes microtubules), colchicines (binds tubulin and blocks polymerization), vinblastine (depolymerization and formation of vinblastine-tubulin paracrystal), nocodazole (depolymerization of microtubules) |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA damage (through radiation) or uncontrolled cell proliferation |
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Term
| Hormone Dependent Breast Cancer |
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Definition
| tests is estrogen and progesterone receptors are both present; treat by blocking hormone from binding by using drugs like anti-estrogen such as amoxiphin. Competes for receptor; most effective are a combination of anti-estrogen and chromotase? or aromatase? inhibitors |
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Term
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Definition
| Ex: CA 125 (ovarian), CA 72-4- (ovarian), PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen), AFP alpha-feta protein. Estrogen(breast and endometrial), Progesterone receptor (breast), hCG [human chorionice gonadotropin ( testes: trophoblastic)], Her-2/neu (breast) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ex: zinc fingers, estrogen and progesterone, thyroid hormone, androgen, glucocorticode, (all hormones that act on the nucleus bind here)(all nuclear receptors are gene regulatory proteins which are transcription factors) |
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Term
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Definition
| Diacylglycerol regulates this which phosphorilates proteins and does things like regulate cell growth and division. Signal transduction pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ex; cyclic AMP, IP3, calcium, Diacyl glycerol. |
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Term
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Definition
| used for cell division in spindles, used for the movement of organelles, movement of cilia and flagella, structure, intracellular transport, trafficking of nutrients in cell, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| are proteins that bind to actin. This may mean ability to bind actin monomers, or polymers, or both. α-actinin, β-spectrin, dystrophin, utrophin and fimbrin |
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Definition
| humans, characteristics, increased autoimmune system, increased language skills, intellectual ability, larger brain, opposable thumb for fine motor skills. How we are distinguished? |
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Definition
| A lung cancer, unique because it’s got ACTH like peptides which acts on the adrenal gland; over stimulation give you hyperactive adrenal secretions like Cushing’s disease; treatment would require removal of tumor from lungs. |
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Term
| Receptor controls transcription – |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulate growth of the cell; act during G1 phase of cell cycle; difference between GF and mitogen is that GF does not stiumate cell division while mitogen does both (some GF are mitogenic and some are not) |
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Definition
| Came from a primitive form of Homo that no longer exists. We branched off around 2 million years ago. Homo sapiens have been around 200,000 years max/DNA evidence suggests. The definitive proof is maternal DNA and paternal DNA: they converged in Africa. Closest relative is 95-98% chimps but lifestyle not very close in terms of evolutionary connection |
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Definition
adult, embryonic: all organs have stems cells in them; main difference between types is differentiation capabilities. Ex; bone can make blood pretty easy but not nerve. Totipotent: cells from 1-3 days embryo, each cell can develop into new individual.
Pluripotent: from embryonic cells at 16 days (blastocyst/intercell mass) are most differentiationable, form any type of cell.
Multi potent: Cells are differentiated, but can form a number of other tissues. Fetal tissue, cord blood, adult stem cells. |
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Definition
| will cause cell growth and division |
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Term
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Definition
| Why? Main concept is that changes in DNA show an accumulation of mutations in genes that regulate cell cycles such as onco genes and suppressor genes. Growth factors and angiogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ex: RAF, RAS, ABLE, Cmyc, Gli, june, phos/ when these are changed or over- expressed, they become onco genes (viruses carry many onco genes) |
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Term
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Definition
| test carcinogens for the ability to mutate |
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Term
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Definition
| The initiator causes a mutation and then the promoter makes is grow. Damage to growth Initiator must be before promoter, and promoter must be in the right concentration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cytoskeletal Fiber Length |
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Definition
| if an actin or microtubule maintains the same length it’s called tread milling. The dissociation = to association |
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Term
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Definition
| G-actin --> Dimer --> Trimer --> F actin has pointed end (-) and barbed end (+). (+) end elongates faster than (-) end. |
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Definition
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Definition
| (+), elongates faster than pointed end. |
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Definition
| The initiator/ carcinogen. Dimethylbenz anthracene. Can be painted on mice and gives them skin cancer, found in tar. Dose dependent: the more exposure, time length, to DMBA gives you more cancer so is also a promoter. Cyclic hydrocarbons. |
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Term
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Definition
| (mitosis or maturation) promoting factor in OOcytes. Sends cell from G2 to M |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 physical properties: have binding sites that have properties such as limited capacity and high affinity 10^9 kd ka (most are in the 10^4 – 10^6)/ also a lock and key ‘specificity’. The bind capacity is limited. Saturable |
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Term
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Definition
| allows a certain number of bindning to receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| a liking for the receptor 10^9 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that transfers phosphates from high energy donor molecules such as ATP in a process known as phosphorylation |
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