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Module 6: The Cell
Words you need to know.
47
Biology
9th Grade
02/02/2012

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Term
Absorption
Definition
The transport of dissolved substances into cells
Term
Digestion
Definition
The breakdown of absorbed substances
Term
Respiration
Definition
The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy
Term
Excretion
Definition
The removal of soluble waste materials
Term
Egestion
Definition
The removal of non-soluble waste materials
Term
Secretion
Definition
The release of biosynthesized substances for use by other cells
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Maintaining the status quo in a cell
Term
Reproduction
Definition
Producing more cells
Term
Cytology
Definition
The study of cells
Term
Cell wall
Definition
A rigid substance on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells
Term
Middle lamella
Definition
The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells
Term
Plasma membrane
Definition
The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
A jelly-like fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Term
Ions
Definition
Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons
Term
Cytoplasmic streaming
Definition
The motion of the cytoplasm which results in a coordinated movement of the cell's organelles
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy
Term
Lysosome
Definition
The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions which break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Non-membrane-bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis
Term
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Definition
An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes which perform several tasks within a cell
Term
Rough ER
Definition
ER that is dotted with ribosomes
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
ER that has no ribosomes
Term
Golgi bodies
Definition
The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell
Term
Leucoplasts
Definition
Organelles that store starches or oils
Term
Chromoplasts
Definition
Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis
Term
Central vacuole
Definition
A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution which contains a high concentration of solutes
Term
Waste vacuoles
Definition
Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells
Term
Phagocytic vacuole
Definition
A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs
Term
Pinocytic vesicle
Definition
Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules
Term
Secretion vesicle
Definition
Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released
Term
Microtubules
Definition
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a rope-like structure
Term
Nuclear membrane
Definition
A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Term
Chromatin
Definition
Clusters of DNA and proteins in the nucleus
Term
Phospholipid
Definition
A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule which contains a phosphate group
Term
Passive transport
Definition
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion
Term
Active transport
Definition
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a chemical process
Term
Isotonic solution
Definition
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution
Term
Hypertonic solution
Definition
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell which resides in the solution
Term
Plasmolysis
Definition
A collapse of the cell's cytoplasm due to lack of water
Term
Cytolysis
Definition
The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure
Term
Hypotonic solution
Definition
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell which resides in the solution
Term
Activation energy
Definition
Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going
Term
Messenger RNA
Definition
The RNA that performs transcription
Term
Transcription
Definition
The process in which mRNA produces a negative of a strand of DNA
Term
Anticodon
Definition
A three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA
Term
Codon
Definition
A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that refers to a specific type of amino acid
Term
Translation
Definition
The process by which proteins are formed in the ribosome according to the negative in mRNA
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