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| Durkheim’s term for the bond between an individual and a group that is based on shared interests, activities, beliefs, values, and so on. |
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| Durkheim's term for social cohesion based on the interdependence of the division of labour rather than on similarity between individuals. |
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| Characterized by an emphasis on the whole system and on the interdependent nature of the parts of that system. |
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| The use of force between individuals to kill, injure, or abuse. |
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| Behavior that does not conform to significant norms held by most of the members of a group or society. |
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| An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution in which the goal is to produce profit. |
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| The application of systematic methods of observation and careful logical analysis. |
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| The application of logic, reason, and knowledge to the problems of exploiting raw materials from the environment. |
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| The replacement of many workers by machines, and the monitoring and coordination of workers by machines with only minimal supervision from human beings. |
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| The use of machinery to replace human labor. |
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| The paradox of supremely rational organizations—that is, bureaucracies—acting in ways that are very irrational in terms of the well-being of the total society. |
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| The tendency of bureaucracies to refine their procedures to attain their goals ever more efficiently. |
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| The process by which members of a group make the ideas, values, and norms of the group their own. |
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| Rational action in relation to a goal; one of Weber’s four action types. |
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| Weber’s term that refers to value-oriented rationality. |
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| Weber’s term for rationality exercised within a context of human values, traditions, and emotions. |
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| The use of zweckrational—goal-oriented rational behaviour—to achieve a goal without thought to wider social values, traditions, or emotions. A popular name for the phenomenon is “technocratic thinking.” |
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| The continual expanding application of sophisticated technology designed to efficiently draw energy and raw materials out of the environment and fashion them into products for human use. |
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| Secondary Group Structure |
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| In sociocultural materialism, structural groups in which members tend to interact without any emotional commitment to one another. These organizations are coordinated through bureaucracies. |
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| C. Wright Mills’ term for the application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions; the ability to see the effects of social patterns and history on human behavior. |
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