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Module 17: Infancy and Childhood
Vocabulary concerning prenatal influences, newborns' abilities, and social, emotional, and cognitive development.
62
Psychology
12th Grade
04/28/2011

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Term
Nature-Nurture Question
Definition
asks how much nature and how much nurture contribute to a person's biological, emotional, cognitive, personal, and social development.
Term
Developmental Psychologists
Definition
study a person's biological, cognitive, personal, and social development throughout a person's life, from infancy to adulthood.
Term
Prodigy
Definition
child who shows a highly unusual talent, ability, or genius at a very early age and does not have mental retardation: a small percentage of autistic children, who have some degree of mental retardation, may also show unusual artistic or mathematical abilities (savants).
Term
Prenatal Period
Definition
extends from conception to birth and lasts about 266 days (9 months), consisting of three successive phases: the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages; during this whold time a single cell will divide and grow to form 200 billion cells.
Term
Germinal Stage
Definition
the first stage of prenatal development and refers to the two-week period following conception.
Term
Ovulation
Definition
refers to the release of an ovum or egg cell from a woman's ovaries.
Term
Conception/Fertilization
Definition
occurs if one of the millions of sperm penetrates the ovum's outer membrane; after the ovum has been penetrated by a single sperm, its outer membrane changes and becomes impenetrable to the millions of remaining sperm.
Term
Embryonic Stage
Definition
second stage of prenatal period and spans 2-8 weeks that follow conception: during this stage, cells divide and begin to differentiate into bone, muscle, and body organs.
Term
Fetal Stage
Definition
third stage of prenatal period; begins two months after conception and lasts until birth.
Term
Placenta
Definition
an organ that connects the blood supply of the mother to that of the fetus; it acts like a filter, allowing oxygen and nutrients to pass through while keeping out some toxic substances.
Term
Teratogen
Definition
any agent that can harm a developing fetus (causing deformities or brain damage); might be a disease, a drug, or another environmental agent.
Term
Aminocentesis
Definition
a medical test done between weeks 14 and 20 of pregnancy; involves inserting a long needle through the mother's abdominal muscles into the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus; by withdrawing and analyzing fetal cells in the fluid, docotors can identify a number of genetic problems.
Term
Down Syndrome
Definition
results from an extra 21st chormosome and causes abnormal physical traits and abnormal brain development, resulting in degrees of mental retardation.
Term
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Definition
resutls from a mother drinking heavily during pregnancy, especially in the first 12 weeks; results in a combination of physical changes, such as short stature, flattened nose, and short eye openings, and psychological defects, such as degrees of mental retardation and hyperactivity.
Term
Visual Cliff
Definition
a glass table top with a checkerboard pattern over part of its surface; the remaining surface consists of clear glass with a checkerboard pattern several feet below, creating the illusion of a clifflike drop to the floor.
Term
Proximodistal Principle
Definition
states that parts closer to the center of the infant's body develop before parts farther away.
Term
Cephalocaudal Principle
Definition
states that parts of the body closer to the head develop before parts closer to the feet.
Term
Maturation
Definition
refers to developmental changes that are genetically or biologically programmed rather than acquired through learning or life experiences.
Term
Motor Development
Definition
refers to the stages of motor shills that all infants pass through as they acquire the muscular control neessary for making coordinated movements.
Term
Developmental Norms
Definition
refer to the average age at which children perform various kinds of skills or exhibit abilities or behaviors.
Term
Temperament
Definition
refers to individual differences in attention, arousal, and reactivity to new or novel situations; these differences appear early, are relatively stable and long-lasting, and are influenced in large part by genetic factors.
Term
Emotional Development
Definition
an interaction between temprament and positive/negative environmental feedback, which children receive as they explore their worlds.
Term
Attachments
Definition
refers to a close, fundamental emotional bond that develops between and infant and his/her parents or caregiver.
Term
Separation Anxiety
Definition
an infant's distress- as indicated by loud protests, crying, and agitation- whenever the infant's parents temporarily leave.
Term
Secure Attachment
Definition
characteristic of infants who use their parent as a safe home base from which they cand wander off and explore their environments.
Term
Insecure Attachment
Definition
characteristic of infants who avoid or show ambivalence or resistance toward their parent or caregiver.
Term
Longitudinal Method
Definition
means that the same group of individuals is studied repeatedly at many different points in time.
Term
Cross-Sectional Method
Definition
Means that several grousp of different-aged individuals are studied at the same time.
Term
Inhibited Children
Definition
show avoidance, anxiety, or fear when in a strange or novel environment; these children also show increased psychological arousal.
Term
Cognitive Development
Definition
refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and gains an understanding of his/her surroundings through the interaction and influence of genetic and learned factors.
Term
Piaget's Cognitive Stages
Definition
refer to four different stages- sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations- each of which is more advanced than the first because it involves new reasoning and thinking abilities.
Term
Assimilation
Definition
the process by which a child uses old methods or experiences to deal with new situations.
Term
Accommidation
Definition
the process by which a child changes old methods to deal with or adjust to new situations.
Term
Sensorimotor Stage
Definition
(birth to 2) the first of Piaget's cognitive stages; during this stage, infants interact with and learn about their environments by relating their sensory experiences to their motor actions.
Term
Object Permanence
Definition
refers to the understanding that objects or events continue to exist even if they can no longer be heard, touched, or seen.
Term
Preoperational Stage
Definition
(2-7 years) the second of Piaget's cognitive stages; during this stage, children learn to use symbols, such as words or mental images, to solve simple problems and to think or talk about things that are not present.
Term
Conservation
Definition
refers to the fact that even though the shape of some object or substance changes, the total amount remains the same.
Term
Egocentric Thinking
Definition
refers to seeing and thinking of the world only from your own viewpoint and having difficulty appreciating someone else's viewpoint.
Term
Concrete Operations Stage
Definition
(7-11 years) the third of Piaget's cognitive stages; during this stage, children can perform a number of logical mental operations on concrete objects.
Term
Formal Operations Stage
Definition
(12- adulthood) is Piaget's fourth cognitive stage; during this stage, adolescents and adults develop the ability to think about and solve abstract problems in a logical matter.
Term
Theory Theory
Definition
says that children have innate abilities to make guesses about how things are, test their guesses through interaction with the environment, and change their guesses as they gather new or conflicting information.
Term
Social Development
Definition
refers to how a person develops a sense of self or a self-identity, develops relationships with others, and develops the kinds of social skills important in personal interactions.
Term
Psychosexual Stages
Definition
five different developmental periods- oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages- during which the individual seeks pleasure from different areas of the body that are associated with sexual feelings; Freud emphasized that a child's first five years were most important to social and personality development.
Term
Oral Stage
Definition
(first 18 months) a time when the infant's pleasure seeking is centered on the mouth.
Term
Anal
Definition
(late infancy- 3 years) a time when the infant's pleasure seeking is centered on the anus and its functions of elimination.
Term
Phallic Stage
Definition
(3-6 years) a time when the infant's pleasure seeking is centered on the genitals.
Term
Latency Period
Definition
(6 years- puberty) time when the child represses sexual thoughts and engages in nonsexual activities, such as developing social and intellectual skills.
Term
Genital Stage
Definition
(puberty-adulthood) a time when the individual has renewed sexual desires that he/she seeks to fulfill through relationships with members of the opposite sex.
Term
Psychosocial Stages
Definition
8 developmental periods during which an individual's primary goal is to satisfy desires associated, respectively, with issues of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, indentity, intimacy, generativity, and ego integrity.
Term
1) Trust vs. Mistrust
Definition
(early infancy- 1 year) learning to trust others or not trust others
Term
2)Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
Definition
(1-3 years) battle between being independent/autonomic or shame/doubt that independence is good.
Term
3)Initiative vs. Guilt
Definition
(3-5 years) being able to plan and have initiative or feeling inferior or unaccomplished.
Term
4)Industry vs. Inferiority
Definition
(5-12 years) being able to complete tasks and keep focused or being shy and feeling incompetent
Term
5)Indentity vs. Role Confusion
Definition
(adolescence) knowing or not knowing who you are and your place in the world.
Term
Social Cognitive Theory
Definition
emphasizes the importance of learning through observation, imitation, and self-reward in the development of social skills, interactions, and behaviors; according to this theory, it is not necessary that you perform any observable behaviors or receive any external rewards in order to learn new social skills because many of your behaviors are self-motivated, or intrinsic.
Term
Gender Identity
Definition
refers to the individual's subjective experience and feelins of being a female or male.
Term
Gender Roles
Definition
the traditional or stereotypical behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that parents, peers, and society expect us to have beacause we are male or female.
Term
Social Role Theory
Definition
emphasizes the influence of social and cognitive processes on how we interpret, organize, and us information; applied to gender roles, it says mothers, fathers, teachers, gandparents, friends, and peers expect, respond to, and reward different behaviors in boys than in girls; under the influence of this differential treatment, boys learn a gender rold that is different from a girl's.
Term
Cognitive Developmental Theory
Definition
says that, as children develop mental skills and interact with their environments, they learn one set of rules for males and one for females.
Term
Gender Schemas
Definition
sets of information and rules organized around how either a male or female should think and behave.
Term
Evolutionary Theory
Definition
emphasizes genetic and biological forces, says that current gender differences are a continuation of the behaviors that evolved from early men and women who adapted these different behaviors in their attempts to survive the problems of their time.
Term
Principle of Bidirectionality
Definition
says that a child's behaviors influence how his/her parents respond, and in turn the parents' behaviors influence who the child responds.
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