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| the steady-state physiological condition of the body |
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a characterization of an animal in regard to environmental variables
the animal is a conformer if it allows some conditions within its body to vary with certain external changes |
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a characterization of an animal to a particular environmental variable
the animal is a regulator for that variable if it uses mechanisms of homeostasis to moderate internal change in the face of external fluctuation |
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| a physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change |
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| a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation |
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| any one of the many circulating chemical signals found in all multicellular organisms that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and coordinate the various parts of the organism by interacting with target cells |
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the internal system of chemical communication involving hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones
function in concert with the nervous system to effect internal regulation and maintain homeostasis |
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transmits information between specific locations
transmission is very fast
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| a chemical messenger that influences cells in the vicinity |
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maintains homeostasis, mediates responses to stimuli, regulates growth and development
hormones secreted into extracellular fluids by endocrine cells reach their targets via the bloodstream |
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| the target cell lies near the secreting cells |
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| the target cell is also the secreting cell |
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| neurons form specialized junctions with target cells, called synapses |
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| Endocrine cells vs. endocrine glands |
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Definition
endocrine glands - a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands are groups of endocrine cells |
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Lipid-soluble hormones
(steroid hormones) |
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Definition
diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells
pass easily through cell memebranes |
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| are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors |
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the ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain;
functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems;
secretes hormones of the posterior pituitar and releasing factors, which regulate the anterior pituitary |
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consists of endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete several hormones directly into the blood
makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus |
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an extension of the hypothalamus composed of nervous tissue that secretes hormones made in the hypothalamus
stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus |
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| A gland that makes and stores hormones that help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and the rate at which food is converted into energy |
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a gland with dual functions: the nonendocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct;
the endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood |
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reduces blood glucose levels by:
promoting the cellular uptake of glucose, slowing glycogen breakdown in the liver, and promoting fat storage, not breakdown |
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a peptide hormone secreted by pancreatc endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels;
an antagonistic hormone to insulin |
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a carbohydrate;
a monosaccharide and sugar |
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a carbohydrate;
a complex carbohydrate and starch made of several glucose molecules |
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a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary;
it induces contractions of the uterine muscles and causes the mammary glands to eject milk during nursing |
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regulates physiology and behavior
released from the posterior pituitary |
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