Term
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Definition
| the ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding (forming), storing, and retrieving; not copies but representations of the world that vary in accuracy and are subject to error and bias. |
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Definition
| refers to making mental representations of information so that it can be placed into our memories. |
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Term
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| the process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental storage for later recall. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of getting or recalling information that has been placed into short-term or long-term storage. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to an initial process that receives and holds environmental information in its raw form for a brief period of time, from an instant to several seconds. |
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Term
| Short-Term (Working) Memory |
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Definition
| refers to another process that can hold only a limited amount of information- an average of seven items- for only a short period of time- 2 to 30 seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incoming Information-> Sensory Memory-> Selective Attention-> short-Term Memory-> Encoded for Storage-> Long-Term Memory (if you pay no attention during the sensory memory stage, you forget; if you don't encode it during the short-term phase, you forget). |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of sensory memory that automatically holds visual information for about a quarter of a second or more; as soon as you shift your attention, the information disappears. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of sensory memory that holds auditory information for 1 or 2 seconds. |
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Term
| Two Features of Short-Term Memory |
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Definition
| Limited Duration and Limited Capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the practice of intentionally repeating or rehearsing information so that it remains longer in short-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| results when new information enters short-term memory and overwrites or pushes out information that is already there. |
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Term
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Definition
| combining separate items of information into a larger unit, or chunk, and then remembering chunks of information rather than individual items. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to better recall, or improvement in retention, of information presented at the beginning of a task. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to better recall, or improvement of retention, of information presented at the end of a task. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to better recall of information presented at the beginning and end of a task. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves memories for facts or events, such as scenes, stories, words, conversations, faces, or daily events; we are aware of and can recall these kinds of memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of declarative memory and involves knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions, and language rules. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of declarative memory and involves knowledge of specific events, personal experiences, or activities, such as naming or describing favorite things. |
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Term
| Procedural (Nondeclarative) Memory |
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Definition
| involves memory for motor skills, some cognitive skills, and emotional behaviors learned through classical conditioning; cannot recall or retrieve these memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory without any effort and usually without any awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory either by working hard to repeat or rehearse the information or, espeically, by making associations between new and old information. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves using effort to actively make meaningful associations between new information that you wish to remember and old or familiar information that is already stored in long-term memory. |
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Term
| Levels-of-Processing Theory |
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Definition
| says that remembering depends on how information in encoded; if you encode by paying attention only to basic features, information is encoded at a shallow level and results in poor recall; if you encode by making new associations, this information will be encoded at a deeper level, which results in better recall. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the mind pushes a memory of some threatening or traumatic event deep into the unconciousness; once in the unconsciousness, the memory cannot be retrieved at will and may remain there until something releases it and the person remembers it. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in adults; ability to form sharp, detailed visual images after examining a picture or page for a short period of time and to recall the entire image at a later date. |
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Term
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Definition
| form of photographic memory; occurs in children; the ability to examine a picture or page for 10-30 seconds and then for several minutes hold in one's mind a detailed visual image of the material. |
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Term
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Definition
| vivid recollections, usually in great detail, of dramatic or emotionally charged incidents that are of interest to the person; this information is encoded effortlessly and may last for long periods of time. |
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