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| is the study of human behavior in society |
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All human behavior occurs in a societal context in
the community we live in, in the church, the
school, the family, the nation or somewhere in this
world. |
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That context shapes what people do and how
they think. |
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is a scientific way of thinking about society
and its influence on human groups. |
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Its conclusions are based on careful and
systematic observations. |
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coined the
term the sociological
imagination (1959). |
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The ability to see the
societal patterns that
influence the
individual as well as
groups of individuals |
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The ability to look at what people are doing and
develop an understanding of the town, culture,
and/or society in which they live, thrive, and die |
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are privately felt problems that spring from
events or feelings in a person’s life. |
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affect large numbers of people and have their
origins in the institutional arrangements and history of a
society. |
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| (1963) calls this process debunking |
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refers to looking behind the facades of
everyday life. |
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| is a central theme studied by sociologists. |
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is a concept that includes studying group
differences in society. |
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| Age of Enlightenment or Age of Reason. |
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Definition
In the 18
th
and 19
th
century, faith in the ability for
mankind to solve its problems and surviv |
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The founding father of
sociology. |
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He believed that society
could be studied
scientifically. |
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This approach is
known as
positivism. |
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A French politician,
scholar, and historian. |
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Definition
He traveled in
America and studied
its political system. |
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Definition
He felt that despite
the individualism of
Americans, they had
little independence of
mind. |
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Definition
Martineau was
fascinated by the newly
emerging American
culture. |
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Definition
In 1937, she wrote
about it in Society in
America. |
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Definition
She also wrote about
how to observe
behavior as a
participant. |
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Some of Durkheim’s
major work focuses on
the forces that hold
society together. |
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Definition
He called this force
social solidarity. |
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People are glued
together by religious
rituals which sustain
moral cohesion |
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Durkheim viewed society as larger than the sum of
its parts. |
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| Society is “external to the individual.” |
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He saw society as an integrated whole with each
part contributing to the stability of the system. |
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| This is the central theme of functionalism. |
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Social facts, which are external to the individual,
exercise constraints on individual behaviors. |
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which are external to the individual,
exercise constraints on individual behaviors. |
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Definition
He demonstrated that suicide was not purely a
personal trouble, but that rates of suicide within a
society varied by how clear and consistently
upheld the norms and customs of the society
were. |
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Definition
He showed that suicide rates were higher in
societies where norms were unclear or
contradictory. |
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Definition
This was referred to as a state of normlessness
or anomie |
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Definition
Marx is one of the most
influential thinkers in
history. |
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Definition
He saw society as
systematic and structural
and class as a
fundamental dimension of
society that shapes social
behavior. |
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took social structure as his subject rather than the
actions of individuals |
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Definition
was devoted to explaining how capitalism, an
economic system based on pursuing profit, shaped
society |
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Definition
addressed the capitalist class, the bourgeoisie,
controllers of the production of goods and of ideas |
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• spoke of economic determinism with a class
system of owners (bourgeoisie) and workers
(proletariat). |
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Definition
Weber expanded on
Marx’s thinking; he said
that society had three
basic dimensions:
political, economic, and
cultural, which must all
be examined. |
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Weber was concerned
with ideas and how they
shaped society. |
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He did not advocate
political activism. |
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was influenced by Marx’s work; however, he saw society
from a multidimensional perspective that went beyond
Marx’s strictly economic focus |
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professed that the task of a sociologist is to teach
students the uncomfortable truth about the world |
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believed that sociologists must not project their political
ideas on their students |
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Early American sociologists were influenced by
European thinkers. |
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Definition
Early sociologists in both Europe and the United
States conceived of society as an organism, a
constantly evolving system of interrelated functions
and parts that work together to create the whole. |
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Definition
They believed that if they exposed the causes of
social problems they could alleviate some of the
consequences, which are measured in human
suffering. |
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Definition
Darwin was a British
biologist whose ideas lead
to what is referred to as
Social Darwinism. |
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Definition
“Survival of the fittest”
is also the driving
force of social and
biological evolution. |
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Definition
Society, an organism,
evolves from the simple to
the complex. It is best left
alone. |
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This is referred to as
Laissez-faire, the
non-interference
doctrine. |
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Definition
These theorists are keynote sociologists in examining
how society shaped the mind and identity of
individuals. |
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Definition
Society is a laboratory that, if studied and
understood, could better address human needs. |
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These ideas lead to what is known as the Chicago
School of thought. |
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Definition
Also from the University
of Chicago, he was
interested in urban
problems and how
different racial groups
interacted. |
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Definition
He introduced the idea
of boundaries within
cities and how they are
enforced and
maintained. |
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Definition
Also from Chicago, she
was a leader in the
settlement housing
movement. |
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Definition
She was a research
sociologist, not an
educator. |
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Definition
She developed
housing projects for
immigrants, slum
dwellers, and other
dispossessed groups. |
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Definition
A black scholar and cofounder of the NAACP, he
was deeply troubled by
the racial divisiveness in
society. |
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Definition
He envisioned a
community-based,
activist profession
committed to social
justice |
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Definition
He also believed in the
scientific approach to
sociological questions |
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Definition
She was born a slave yet
received a teaching
credential. |
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She crusaded against
lynching and for
women’s rights. |
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Definition
Her work went
unrecognized for years. |
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Definition
After her death, her
grandson, Troy Duster,
a university professor
and president of the
American Sociological
Association, brought
her to public attention. |
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Term
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Definition
Functionalists are concerned with the stability and
shared public values of the culture or the society |
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Term
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Definition
Conditions such as deviance are disruptive to the
stability of the society and they lead to social
change as the society must find ways to deal with
it and re-establish its social stability and order |
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Definition
| Its foundation derives from Emile Durkheim’s ideas. |
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Definition
Focuses on how each of society’s parts, institutions,
and systems contribute to the stability of the whole. |
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Definition
Each part, e.g. a school or even a prostitute, has a
specific function to fulfill and must do so for the
society to function properly |
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Definition
This theoretical perspective was derived from the
contributions of Karl Marx. It emphasizes the role of
coercion and power, a person or group’s ability to
exercise influence and control over others, in
producing social order. |
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Definition
Conflict theory emphasizes strife and revolution as
an agent of social change |
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Definition
Karl Marx was a political activist and he advocated
this behavior. |
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Definition
He also desired greater equality and access to
social opportunities for the masses. |
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Definition
Society is comprised of groups that compete for
social and economic resources. |
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Definition
Social order is maintained not by consensus, but
by domination, with power in the hands of those
with the greatest political, economic, and social
resources. |
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Definition
Conflict theorists study issues such as the
exploitation of the masses by those in power
and also who owns the means of production. |
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Definition
This theoretical framework focuses on immediate social
interaction to be the place where “society” exists. |
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Definition
It studies the ways groups of people, cultures, and
societies assign different meaning to behavior, events,
or things. |
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Definition
It is concerned with how different people interpret the same
event and how the interpretation determines one's behavior |
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Definition
These theorists emphasize face-to-face interaction
and pay attention to words, gestures, and symbols. |
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Definition
Study material include things such as: what one talks
about, styles and fashion, how individuals develop a
self-identity, and the roles one performs. |
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Definition
Social order is constantly negotiated and created
through the interpretations people give to their
behavior. |
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This perspective is based on the idea that society is not
an objective thing. |
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Definition
Instead, it is found in the words and images that
people use to represent behavior and ideas. |
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Definition
Postmodernists think that images and text reveal the
underlying ways that people think and act. |
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Definition
Postmodernist studies typically involve detailed
analyses of images, words, film, music, and other
forms of popular culture. |
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Definition
Contemporary life involves multiple experiences and
interpretations, and these are not categorized into broad
and abstract concepts. |
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