Term
|
Definition
| the science of behavior and mental processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -a behavior that we can directly see or measure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a behavior that we can’t directly see |
|
|
Term
| Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)- |
|
Definition
| father of modern psychology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a psychologist who studied the basic elements that make up conscious mental experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings. |
|
|
Term
| o Early Psychology Experiment - |
|
Definition
| Wundt et al. measured the time lag between hearing a sound a pressing a telegraph key |
|
|
Term
| o William James (1842-1910)- |
|
Definition
| - first American psychologist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a psychologist who studied the function (rather than the structure) of consciousness |
|
|
Term
| o ALL activities of the mind serve one function: |
|
Definition
| to help us survive as a species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Sir Francis Galton
• Abilities, character, and behavior are inheritable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
= Whole pattern necar cube
• How sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nature selects traits that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce |
|
|
Term
| Behavior of mental process |
|
Definition
Biological
Psychological
Social-culture influences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How the body and brain enables emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
How are messasges transmitted within the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How the natural selection of traits promoted the the survival genes?
How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? |
|
|
Term
| Behavior genetics Perspective |
|
Definition
How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences?
To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? to our environment? |
|
|
Term
| Behavior genetics Perspective |
|
Definition
How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences?
To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? to our environment? |
|
|
Term
| Psychocdynamic Perspective |
|
Definition
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflict?
How can someones personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as the disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how to observable responses?
How to we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say, to loose weight or stop smoking? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How we encode,process,store, and retrieve information
How do we use informational in remembering? Reasoning? Smoking problems? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Research for the sake of knowledge; not concerned with application
o Basic researcher studies memory and learns that spaced practice is more effective than massed practice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
research that aims to use scientific findings to accomplish practical goals
o Applied researcher uses this finding to develop training for workers |
|
|
Term
| • Biological Psychologist |
|
Definition
| explores the links between brain and mind |
|
|
Term
| • Developmental Psychologist |
|
Definition
| : studies changing abilities from womb to tomb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies how we perceive, think, and solve problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| investigates our persistent traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explore how we view and affect one another. |
|
|
Term
| Subfields of Psychology: Applied• Industrial/Organizational: |
|
Definition
| studied and advise on behavior in the workplace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study, asses, and treat people with psychological disorders |
|
|
Term
| • Clinical Psychologists: |
|
Definition
| Ph.D.; assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders using therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use drugs and psychotherapy to treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders |
|
|
Term
| • Scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
|
Definition
o Scientific methods
o Systematic- precise tools and methods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
o “I knew it all along” phenomenon |
|
|
Term
| • Overconfidence Phenomenon: |
|
Definition
| tendency to be more confident than correct – to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments |
|
|
Term
| • Hindsight Bias and Judgmental Overconfidence |
|
Definition
| illustrate the limits of intuition and need for scientific inquiry and critical thinking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors and events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
|
|
Term
| Research and Observations: |
|
Definition
| gathering info and recording results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables
Examples:
Human intelligence operationally defined as “what an intelligence test measures”
Generosity operationally defined as “money contributed” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeating a research study with different participants and situations to see whether the basic finding can be generalized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Descriptive Methods
Case Study
Survey
Naturalistic Observation
Correlation
Experiments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : uses questionnaires or interviews to assess self-reported attitudes and behaviors of a particular group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : the small group of participants, out of the total number available, that a researcher studies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total group being studied, from which the sample is drawn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
: everyone in the population has an equal chance of participating
Ensures a representative sample |
|
|
Term
| Naturalistic Observation: |
|
Definition
| observing and recording behavior in a naturally occurring situation without interfering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
measures the relationship between two variables
Sample Research Questions:
Are ACT scores related to
college GPA?
How are self-esteem and
depression related? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number that represents the relationship between two variables or sets of data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
as the value of one increases, the value of the other increases
E.g., r = +.7 for education and income |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
as the value of one increases, the value of the other decreases
E.g., r = -.4 for exercise and obesity |
|
|
Term
| Correlation DOES NOT imply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the perception of a relationship where none exists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| researcher manipulates one or more variables to observe the effects on some other variable, using random assignment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Experimental Group
Control Group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any factor that can change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experimenter manipulates (changes); causal factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in response to independent variable; outcome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : the group to which an independent variable is applied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : the group that is treated in the same way as the experimental group EXCEPT that the experimental treatment (the IV) is not applied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : assigning participants to groups by chance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results caused by expectations alone; any effect cause by the administration of a false treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| participants are unaware of which participants received the treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : neither experimenter nor participant know which participants received which treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| list and summarize data in a practical, efficient way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tell how frequently an obtained result occurred by experimental manipulation or by chance.Used to make generalizations (inferences) about the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a number that describes something about the “average” score of a distribution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| average score (add up all scores and divide by number of scores) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : a measure of difference, or spread of data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how far apart the highest and lowest scores are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of variability that describes how much scores vary around the mean |
|
|
Term
| Representative samples are better than |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Less-variable observations are more reliable than |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is an Observed Difference Reliable? |
|
Definition
Representative samples are better than biased samples.
Less-variable observations are more reliable than more variable ones.
More cases are better than fewer cases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : carry incoming info from sense receptors to CNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry outgoing info from the CNS to muscles and glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : within the brain and spinal cord; communicate between motor and sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| junction between axon tip of sending neuron and dendrite or cell body of receiving neuron; gap is called “synaptic cleft” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
Travel across gap
Bind to receptor sites
Influence whether neuron will generate a neural impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
: process by which neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons
This process applies the brakes on neurotransmitter action. |
|
|
Term
| The Brain and Neural Networks |
|
Definition
| Interconnected neurons form networks in the brain. Theses networks are complex and modify with growth and experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body’s “slow” chemical communication system. Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a set of glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – releases epinephrine (adrenaline), which increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, excitement during emergencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : observing effects of brain diseases and injuries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Surgical Lesioning (destroying)
Recording Electrical Activity (EEG)
Neuroimaging – PET, MRI, fMRI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Experimentally destroying brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction
E.g. rat studies showed
hypothalamus affects
eating |
|
|
Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG): |
|
Definition
| amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s structure; measured by electrodes placed on the scalp |
|
|
Term
| PET (positron emission tomography) Scan: |
|
Definition
| visual display of brain activity that detects where radioactive glucose goes while brain performs certain tasks |
|
|
Term
| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): |
|
Definition
| uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of soft tissue; shows brain anatomy |
|
|
Term
| fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging): |
|
Definition
| : shows brain function by comparing successive MRI scans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oldest part of brain; central core; responsible for automatic survival functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : controls heartbeat and breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : controls heartbeat and breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps coordinate movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : nerve network that helps control arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem
coordinates voluntary movements and balance
Nonverbal learning
Memory
Emotion modulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neural system associated with emotions and drives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
receives hormones
from hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| 4 Lobes in Each Hemisphere: |
|
Definition
Frontal : speaking, planning
Parietal: receive sensory input
Occipital: visual
Temporal: auditory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; body’s control and info processing center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : controls voluntary movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receives information from skin surface and sense organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or association areas of the cortex; integrate and act on info processed by sensory areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain’s ability to modify itself after some types of injury or illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : reading, writing, math, comprehension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emotion, social conduct, visual-spatial skills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| band of neural fibers that connects the two hemispheres and carries messages between them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them |
|
|
Term
Righties – left hemisphere
Lefties – 70% left; 30% right or both |
|
Definition
| Speech Processing-Righties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reading disabilities, allergies, migraines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Musicians, athletes, architects, artists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
|
|
Term
| • Cognitive Neuroscience: |
|
Definition
interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition
• Includes perception, thinking, memory, language
• Link between brain and mind a mystery, but science moving forward
o E.g., Brain activity shows which of 10 objects a person is viewing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks; AKA parallel processing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks; AKA parallel processing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in awareness; deliberate; slow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in awareness; deliberate; slow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Conscious:
o Unconscious: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| automatic; supporting function; fast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| automatic; supporting function; fast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to attend to only one voice among many |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to attend to only one voice among many |
|
|
Term
| • Selective Attention and Accidents |
|
Definition
| • Can only focus on one task at a time |
|
|
Term
| • Inattentional blindness: |
|
Definition
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
o Simons & Chabris (1999)
• Half of the observers failed to see the gorilla-suited assistant in a ball passing game. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failing to notice changes in the envorinment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimuli that draw our eye and demand our attention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (e.g. temperature, wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
o Due to effect of light on the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
o Thinking best at peak circadian arousal
o Can be disrupted by bright light, time changes, sleep schedule
o Changes with age |
|
|
Term
o Beta (13-24 cps): normal waking thought
o Alpha (8-12 cps): deep relaxation
o Theta (4-7 cps): light sleep
o Delta (<4 cps): deep sleep
• Stage 1: theta waves; light sleep
• Stage 2: theta waves; light sleep; sleep spindles; more difficult to awaken
• Stage 3: beginning of deep sleep; delta waves; brain activity slows
• Stage 4: large delta waves; deeper sleep
• Stage 5: REM (rapid eye movement) Sleep: rapid eye movement sleep; recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occurs; aka paradoxical sleep |
|
Definition
We have 5 different stages of sleep in 90 minute cycle,,
• Brain-waves |
|
|
Term
• Need differs with age and individuals
• Too little results in “sleep debt” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Sleep Protects-(predator)
• Sleep Helps us Recover- (restore brain tissues)
• Sleep Helps us Remember- organize our memories for that day,, improves memory
• Sleep Plays a Role in the Growth Process – growth nd development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Fatigue and subsequent death.
• Impaired concentration.
• Emotional irritability.
• Depressed immune system.
• Weight gain
• Accidents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Fatigue and subsequent death.
• Impaired concentration.
• Emotional irritability.
• Depressed immune system.
• Weight gain
• Accidents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sleep Disorders
• Insomnia: |
|
Definition
| a persistent inability to fall asleep |
|
|
Term
Sleep Disorders
• Insomnia: |
|
Definition
| a persistent inability to fall asleep |
|
|
Term
Sleep Disorders
• Narcolepsy: |
|
Definition
| overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up |
|
|
Term
Sleep Disorders
• Sleep apnea: |
|
Definition
| failure to breathe when asleep. |
|
|
Term
Sleep Disorders in Children
• Night terrors: |
|
Definition
| sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration); occurs during Stage 4 |
|
|
Term
Sleep Disorders in Children
• Sleepwalking/Sleeptalking: |
|
Definition
| usually harmless and unrecalled the next day; also occur during Stage 4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind |
|
|
Term
| • Dream Content According to Freud: |
|
Definition
o Manifest Content:
o Latent Content: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the remembered story line of a dream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the underlying meaning of a dream |
|
|
Term
Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10 dreams
• Sexual Dreams: 1 in 10 dreams in men; 1 in 30 in women
• Daily Activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Wish Fulfillment
• Information Processing
• Physiological Function
• Activation-Synthesis Theory
• Cognitive Development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
|
|
Term
| • Social Influence Theory: |
|
Definition
Hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role
.o E.g., playing the role of a “good hypnotized subject” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : a craving for a chemical substance despite its adverse consequeances |
|
|
Term
| • Misconceptions on drugs: |
|
Definition
o Addictive drugs quickly corrupt.
o Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily.
o Addiction is a disease and no different than other repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors. |
|
|
Term
• Depressants
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens |
|
Definition
| Types of Psychoactive Drugs |
|
|
Term
• Depressants
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens |
|
Definition
| Types of Psychoactive Drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Alcohol, barbiturates, opiates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Alcohol, barbiturates, opiates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Methamphetamines, Caffeine, Nicotine, Cocaine, Ecstasy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Effects :o Disinhibition
o Slowed Neural Processing
o Memory Disruption
o Reduced Self-Awareness and Control
o Expectancy Effects
o Alcohol and Sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that depress activity of the cns, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opium and its derivatives; dpress neutral activity, temporarily lessening pain and anixiety
o E.g., opium, morphine, heroine
o Highly addictive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
• Include:
o Methamphetamine
o Caffeine
o Nicotine
o Cocaine
o Ecstasy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stimulates CNS, with speed-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
o Powerfully addictive
o Over time reduces baseline dopamine levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Increases heart, breathing rates, and other autonomic functions to provide energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Increases heart, breathing rates, and other autonomic functions to provide energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • 5.4 million tobacco-related deaths per year (WHO) |
|
|
Term
o Socially rewarding
o Physiological – diminishes appetite, boosts arousal and mental efficiency; calms anxiety and reduces sensitivity to pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Fast track from euphoria to crash
• Depletes supplies of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
• Effects: convulsions, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, emotional disturbance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stimulant that produces euphoria and social intimacy
o Short-term health risks
o Long-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons, mood, and cognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulant that produces euphoria and social intimacy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
• Types:
o LSD: powerful hallucinogenic drug; AKA acid
o THC: major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations |
|
|
Term
o Out of body
o Moving through a tunnel
o Intense love, joy, peace |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
o Out of body
o Moving through a tunnel
o Intense love, joy, peace |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulant that produces euphoria and social intimacy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
• Types:
o LSD: powerful hallucinogenic drug; AKA acid
o THC: major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Out of body
o Moving through a tunnel
o Intense love, joy, peace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences. |
|
|
Term
| Influence for Drug Prevention and Treatment |
|
Definition
• Education about the long-term costs
• Efforts to boost people’s self-esteem and purpose
• Attempts to modify peer associations and teaching refusal skills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scientists who study our differences and weigh the relative effects of heredity and environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scientists who study our differences and weigh the relative effects of heredity and environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| threadlike structure made largely of DNA molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a spiraling, complex molecule containing genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a spiraling, complex molecule containing genes |
|
|
Term
• Complete instructions for making an organism
o Complex traits a combination of genes
o Humans and animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Heredity while varying the home environment
o Home environment while varying heredity |
|
Definition
Twin and Adoption Studies
• Allow us to control: |
|
|
Term
-Identical vs. fraternal twins
-Separated twins
-Comparing adoptive vs. biological relatives |
|
Definition
Twin and Adoption Studies
Types of studies: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop from a single fertilized egg, creating two genetically identical organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop from separate fertilized eggs; genetically no closer than other siblings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop from separate fertilized eggs; genetically no closer than other siblings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Personality-identical twins are more similar than fraternal on extraversion and neuroticism
-Divorce- identical twins who’s divorced: odds go up 5.5 times, fraternal twin who’s divorced: odds go up 1.6
-BUT twins are often TREATED alike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Striking similarities in personalities, attitudes, abilities, interests, and fears |
|
|
Term
| Criticisms:Separated Twins |
|
Definition
-Appearance affects treatment
-Adopted twins place in similar environments
-Strangers have similarities too |
|
|
Term
| Biological vs. Adoptive Relatives |
|
Definition
-Are adopted children more like their adoptive parents or their biological ones?
-Environment has little effect on personality
-BUT parents affect attitudes, values, manners, faith, and politics |
|
|
Term
| Biological vs. Adoptive Relatives |
|
Definition
-Are adopted children more like their adoptive parents or their biological ones?
-Environment has little effect on personality
-BUT parents affect attitudes, values, manners, faith, and politics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Some traits are fixed, but others change with the environment
-Genes are self-regulating |
|
|
Term
| interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (environment) depends on another factor (heredity) |
|
Definition
| Gene-Environment Interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
-Contribution: genetic tests to reveal at-risk populations
-Risk: labeling, ethical dilemmas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| principle that those traits that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on |
|
|
Term
| Understanding Human Nature |
|
Definition
Evolutionary psychology:
Natural selection:
Artificial selection |
|
|
Term
| Natural Selection and Mating Preferences |
|
Definition
| Women more relational; men more recreational |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attracted to mature, dominant men |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attracted to healthy, fertile women |
|
|
Term
| Critiques of the Evolutionary Perspective |
|
Definition
Starts with an effect and works backwards
-Proposes genetic determinism and undercuts morality
-Culture makes a difference |
|
|
Term
| Experience and Brain Development |
|
Definition
-Early experiences affect brain development
-Rats raised in enriched environments developed a thicker cortex |
|
|
Term
| Experience and Brain Development |
|
Definition
-Early experiences affect brain development
-Rats raised in enriched environments developed a thicker cortex |
|
|
Term
| How Much Credit Do Parents Deserve? |
|
Definition
Parents:
-Provide an environment that enables development
-Affect attitudes, religious beliefs, manners, and political views
-Have little effect on personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
influence cooperation, popularity, and developing social interactions
-Examples: smoking, food preferences, accents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
-Allows beliefs and ideas to be passed down
Allows us to interact with one another and the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
understood rules for accepted and expected behaviors; prescribe “proper” behavior
Examples:
-Appropriate attire
-Personal space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
understood rules for accepted and expected behaviors; prescribe “proper” behavior
Examples:
-Appropriate attire
-Personal space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Western cultures: be true to yourself; personal interests
-Asian-African cultures: be loyal to the group; responsibility
-Variations across time:
U.S. in the 1940s/50s: obedience, respect |
|
|
Term
-Humans are more similar than different
Universals: |
|
Definition
-Parenting styles
-Hunger
-Social interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Biology gives rise to gender, but nurture shapes gender as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Similar in happiness, intelligence, learning ability memory
-Women enter puberty sooner, live longer, are more emotional, are less susceptible to suicide and alcoholism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aggression: physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
-Men more aggressive
Social power
-Men more dominant, forceful
Social connectedness
-Women focus on “making connections” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most important sex hormone; stimulates growth of male sex hormones and development of male sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Gender Roles
-Child-Rearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of expected behaviors for males and females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of expected behaviors for males and females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our sense of being male or female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role |
|
|
Term
-Gender typing the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role:
Why? |
|
Definition
-Social learning theory: we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
-Gender schema: concept or framework that organized and interprets info about gender |
|
|
Term
| • Developmental Psychology: |
|
Definition
| branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Nature/Nurture
o Continuity/Stages
o Stability/Change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Nature/Nurture
o Continuity/Stages
o Stability/Change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Single sperm cell (male) penetrates outer coating of egg (female) and fuses to form a fertilized cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Single sperm cell (male) penetrates outer coating of egg (female) and fuses to form a fertilized cell |
|
|
Term
Prenatal Development
• Zygote: |
|
Definition
| fertilized egg cells divide rapidly for 1st 2 weeks after conception and begin to differentiate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developing human organism from 2 – 9 weeks after conception; cells differentiate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developing human organisms from 9 weeks after conception to birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
o Examples:
o HIV, heroin, smoke, alcohol |
|
|
Term
| • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: |
|
Definition
| physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant womans heavy drinking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulations |
|
|
Term
| • Maturation: Physical and Motor Development |
|
Definition
| biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. |
|
|
Term
• Infants can form memories, but they don’t last
• Average age of earliest lasting memory: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a conceptual framework that organizes and interprets information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a conceptual framework that organizes and interprets information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : a childs realization that an objects even when he or she cannot see or touch it |
|
|
Term
| • Representational Thought: |
|
Definition
| the intellectual ability of a child to picture something in his or her mind |
|
|
Term
| • Representational Thought: |
|
Definition
| the intellectual ability of a child to picture something in his or her mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the principle that a given quantity does not change when its appearance is changed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a young child’s inability to understand another person’s perspective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people’s ideas about their own and other mental states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people’s ideas about their own and other mental states. |
|
|
Term
| Piaget’s Theory • 4 stages: |
|
Definition
o Sensorimotor
o Preoperational
o Concrete Operations
o Formal Operations |
|
|
Term
| • Sensorimotor (Birth – 2 years) |
|
Definition
o Experiment would through senses
o Object permanence; Stranger anxiety |
|
|
Term
| • Preoperational (2 – 7 years) |
|
Definition
o Represents things with words and images: intuitive reasoning
o Pretend play; Egocentrism |
|
|
Term
| • Concrete Operational (7 – 11 years) |
|
Definition
o Logical thinking for concrete events
o Conservation; Mathematical transformations
• E.g., 5 + 4 = 9; 9 – 5 = 4
o Can understand jokes like this:
“Mr. Jones went into a restaurant and ordered a whole pizza for his dinner. When the waiter asked if he wanted it cut into 6 or 8 pieces, Mr. Jones said, “Oh, you’d better make it 6, I could never eat 8 pieces!” |
|
|
Term
| • Formal Operations (12 years onward) |
|
Definition
o Abstract reasoning
o Abstract logic; Potential for moral reasoning
o Example:
If John is in school, then Mary is in school. John is in school. What can you say about Mary? |
|
|
Term
| Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory |
|
Definition
• Development is a continuous process.
• Children express their mental abilities and operations at an earlier age.
• Formal logic is a smaller part of cognition |
|
|
Term
| Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory |
|
Definition
• Development is a continuous process.
• Children express their mental abilities and operations at an earlier age.
• Formal logic is a smaller part of cognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an emotional tie with another person
o Strong attachment to caregiver forms around 6 months; especially strong 6 months – 3 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| optimal period when certain events must take place in order to facilitate proper development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| optimal period when certain events must take place in order to facilitate proper development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : inherited tendency of some newborn animals to form an attachment to and follow the first moving object they see |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : inherited tendency of some newborn animals to form an attachment to and follow the first moving object they see |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Upset when mother leaves; happy when she returns
o Parent Behavior: attentive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Ignore mother when she leaves and returns
o Parent Behavior: neglectful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Confused; upset when mother leaves; ignore her on return
o Parent Behavior: inconsistent |
|
|
Term
Deprivation of Attachment
• Consequences: |
|
Definition
o Withdrawn
o Frightened
o Unable to develop speech
• Examples:
o Romanian orphanages
o Genie |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
our understanding and evaluation of who we are
o Form around 15 – 18 months
• Positive self-concept results in confidence, optimism, independence, and sociability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
period of sexual maturation during which a person become capable of reproducing
o Earlier in females |
|
|
Term
| • Primary Sex Characteristics: |
|
Definition
| body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible |
|
|
Term
| • Primary Sex Characteristics: |
|
Definition
| body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Secondary Sex Characteristics: |
|
Definition
non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
• Frontal lobe not fully developed until age 25
• Implications for judgment, impulse control, long-term planning |
|
|
Term
| • Secondary Sex Characteristics: |
|
Definition
non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
• Frontal lobe not fully developed until age 25
• Implications for judgment, impulse control, long-term planning |
|
|
Term
Cognitive Development
• Reasoning Power |
|
Definition
o From self-focused: “Parents just don’t understand.”
o To abstract reasoning: “Does God exist?”; “Is war productive? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o 3 Stages:
• Preconvention• Moodal (childhood): self-interest, rewards and punishment
• Conventional (early adolescence): caring for others: following rules
• Postconventional (late adolescence): ethical principles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o 3 Stages:
• Preconventional (childhood): self-interest, rewards and punishment
• Conventional (early adolescence): caring for others: following rules
• Postconventional (late adolescence): ethical principles |
|
|
Term
| • Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development |
|
Definition
| o Each stage of life has its own crisis to be resolved |
|
|
Term
• Crisis of Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion
o Identity: |
|
Definition
| : our sense of self; solidified by testing and integrating various roles |
|
|
Term
• Crisis of Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation
o Intimacy: |
|
Definition
| ability to form close, loving relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period from the late teens to early twenties bridging the gap between adolescence and adulthood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period from the late teens to early twenties bridging the gap between adolescence and adulthood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Changes still occur
• More difficult to put in stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Changes still occur
• More difficult to put in stages |
|
|
Term
| • Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood |
|
Definition
• Decreased muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities, and cardiac output.
• Decreases in women’s fertility
o Menopause: time of natural cessention of menstruation; biological change in which a woman can no longer reproduce |
|
|
Term
• Worldwide, life expectancy increased from 49 in 1950 to 67 in 2004.
• Growing segment of the population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physical Changes: Sensory Abilities Adult |
|
Definition
| • Decline in sight, smell, and hearing |
|
|
Term
| Physical Changes: Sensory Abilities Adult |
|
Definition
| • Decline in sight, smell, and hearing |
|
|
Term
| Physical Changes: Health Older |
|
Definition
- few short-terms ailment because of accumulation of anti-bodies
- exercise helps |
|
|
Term
| • Negative Physical Changes: Health Older |
|
Definition
- more susceptible to life-threatening illnesses because of decreased immune systems
- slower reaction time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Recall vs. Recognition
• Prospective Memories – triggered vs. time-based( remember to do something)
• Meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition that destroy a person’s ability to think, remember, relate to others, and care for herself or himself |
|
|
Term
• Cognitive Development: Aging and Intelligence
• Crystallized Intelligence: |
|
Definition
| : accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; increases with age |
|
|
Term
• Cognitive Development: Aging and Intelligence
• Fluid Intelligence: |
|
Definition
| ability to reason speedily and abstractly; decreases in late adulthood |
|
|
Term
• Cognitive Development: Aging and Intelligence
• Fluid Intelligence: |
|
Definition
| ability to reason speedily and abstractly; decreases in late adulthood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is stable across the life span |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is stable across the life span |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Social Development: Death and Dying
• Misconceptions: |
|
Definition
• Terminally ill and grieving people go through identical, predictable stages.
• Stronger grief following a loss leads to quicker recovery.
• “Letting it out” is better than grieving privately. |
|
|
Term
Reflections on Development
• Continuity and Stages |
|
Definition
- slow, continous process
- series of genectically predisposed stages |
|
|
Term
Reflections on Development
• Continuity and Stages |
|
Definition
- slow, continous process
- series of genectically predisposed stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -delveopment requires both |
|
|
