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| the moral code and religious law of islam; deals with many topics addressed by secular law, including crime, politics and economics, as well as personal matters regarding sexual intercourse (Zina), and prayer--interpretations may vary between cultures/practices |
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| Ottoman empire took boys from Christian families who were then converted to Islam with primary objective of selectiving and training the ablest for leadership positions; either as military leaders or as high administrators to serve the empire |
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| non-Muslim minorities; as autonomous self-governing religious community; each organized under its own laws and headed by a religious leader who was responsible to the central government for the fulfillment of millet responsibilities and duties such as: paying taxes, maintaining internal security; conduct social/administrative affairs without intervention |
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| land granted by the Ottoman sultan in return for tax revenues that act as compensation for the military system |
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(Persian)
a high governmental body in a number of Islamic states; or its chief official; legislative body; council chamber; or court of justice in the Ottoman empire or elsewhere in the Middle East |
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| a religious official; leader of Arab family or village used as a form of address to teach, initiate and guide aspiring leaders; mysticism; spiritual master |
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(1839)--Tanzimat Fermani
A proclamation by Ottoman sultan that launched the Tanzimat period of reforms and reorganizations; issued by the Grand Vizier. involved the abolition of tax farming, reform conscription, and guarantee rights to Ottoman citizens regardless of religious of ethnic groups. main goal was to develop/modernize empire militarily and socially so that it would compete with Europe; also hoped that reform could win over the disaffected part of the empire |
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| Sultan, caliph, custodian of Mosques; oversaw a period of declline in the power and extent of the empire; responsible for both modernization of the empire as well as exerted max. control over its affairs; rationalization of bureaucracy; Hijaz railroad project; creation of modern system of personal records; establishment of population registration and control over the press; systemization of official salaries; first modern school of law |
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| Ottoman sultan; considered the originator of modern reform in the Ottoman empire |
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| (Persian)--an elite cavalry unit; unit of the Qajar Dynasty; military brigade composed of Cossacks; part of a larger process which the Persian gov't engaged various European soldiers to train units of the Persian army; Russian aid |
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| Ottoman Public Debt Administration |
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(1881)
european-controled orgnization to collect payments which the Ottoman empire owed; independent in the Ottoman breaucracy; run by creditors; played an important role in the Ottoman financial affairs; funded railrway and other industrial projects |
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| artificial waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea; part of the Modernization of Egypt |
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| caliph; sultan; instituted extensive administration, military, and fiscal reforms |
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| funded the search for oil in Persia; director of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company |
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(New Order)
series of reforms carried out by the Ottoman empire Sultan Selim III to catch up with European military and political affairs; conscriptions, new taxes, new legal categories, promotion of more territorial-based states |
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| pioneer of telegraphy and news reporting; founder of Reuter news agency |
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Reuter--control over Persian roads, telegraphs, mills, factories, resources
D'Arcy--petrolium oil concession; gave d'arcy right over oil
Tobacco--granted by the Shah to Great Britain |
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| a monotheistic ethnoreligious community; found primarily in Syria, Israel, and Jordan; relatively small Middle Eastern religious sects characterized by an eclectic system of doctrine |
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| a title largely equivalent to viceroy; Mahammad Ali Pasha; granted by the Ottoman sultan to the hereditary Pasha |
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| head of the state in a caliphate; title under the Islamic community; descendant of the Prophet Muhammad |
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| a state founded by Turkish tribes under Osman in Anatolia; one of the most successful empires; gun powder empire |
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| the migration of the Islamic Prophet and his followers from Mecca to Medina |
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| Shah Ismail; rivals of the Ottomans; reigned out of Persia; Shi 'a Islam; gunpowder empire |
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(1881-1882)
a nationalist uprising in Egypt against european ruler and european influence; peasant recuited; resulted from developmentalism, borrowing, bankruptcy, revolt; newspaper and publications helped spread the mov't; threatened Britain route to india and led to british occupation |
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| Christian group in the Levant; derived from Syria saint; able to maintain an independent status in Mount Lebanon |
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| international commission established by a decree issued by the construction of the Suez Canal |
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| military caste in medieval egypt; rose from ranks of slave soldiers; held political and military power; a member of a politically powerful egyptian military class occupying the sultanate |
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| last pre-Islamic Persian empire; witnessed peak of ancient Persian civilization; important role in the formation of aisan and european medieval art |
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| a term used by modern historians to distinguish the Greek-speaking, Constantinople-centered Roman empire of the Middle Ages from its earlier classical existence |
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| the granary, the workshop, the marketplace, the bank, the religious nucleus, and the education center of the whole society |
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"place of sitting"
used in the context of council to desribe various types of gathering among common interest groups |
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flowering of art, culture,and architecture
decoration became more elaborate
Period/Era- early 1700s (18th century)
Ottoman Empire embarked on new policies and programs during this period |
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reformers in the Ottoman Empire who desired liberal resforms along western lines
established CUP and successfully revolted against the sultan to establish a constitution |
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| Committee of Union-and Progress |
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wanted to restore the Constitution of 1876
Executed a military coup in 1098 |
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