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| literally meaning "the recitation" . revealed through angel Jibrīl (Gabriel) from God to Muhammad gradually over a period of approximately 23 years |
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| is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, which lasts 29 or 30 days. It is the Islamic month of fasting, in which participating Muslims refrain from eating, drinking, smoking and sex [2] during daylight hours |
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| Sunnah denotes the practice of Prophet Muhammad that he taught and practically instituted as a teacher of the sharī‘ah and the best exemplar. [1] According to Muslim belief, this practice is to be adhered to in fulfilling the divine injunctions, carrying out religious rites and moulding life in accord with the will of God. |
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| is defined by its adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam |
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Shia Islam, the five basic pillars are as follow:1
Monotheism, God is one and unique.2
Justice, the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, fairness, and equity, along with the punishment of the breach of said ethics.3
Prophethood, the institution by which God sends emissaries, or prophets, to guide mankind.4
Leadership, A divine institution which succeeded the institution of Prophethood. Its appointees (Imams) are divinely appointed.
5. Last Judgment, God's final assessment of humanity. |
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| "Political Islam" is set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only a religion but also a political system |
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| an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. In Arabic, the word jihād translates as a noun meaning "struggle" |
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| 1916 was a secret agreement between the governments of the United Kingdom and France,[1] with the assent of Imperial Russia, defining their respective spheres of influence and control in Western Asia after the expected downfall of the Ottoman Empire during World War I. |
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| was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. |
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was the Shah of the Imperial State of Iran[3] from December 15, 1925, until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on September 16, 1941.
In 1925, Reza Shah overthrew Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and founded the Pahlavi dynasty |
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| is the national movement of the Palestinian people. It has roots in Pan-Arabism and other movements rejecting colonialism and calling for national independence.[1] More recently, Palestinian Nationalism is expressed through the Israeli–Palestinian conflict |
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| was composed of young junior army officers committed to unseating the Egyptian monarchy and its British advisors. It was founded by Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser in the aftermath of Egypt's defeat in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. |
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| Palestine Liberation Organization |
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| Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic: منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية; Munaẓẓamat at-Taḥrīr al-Filasṭīniyyah (help·info)) is a political and paramilitary organization which was created in 1964. It is recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people" by the United Nations |
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| , ruled Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. He was the second and last monarch of the House of Pahlavi of the Iranian monarchy. son of Reza sha |
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| Grand Ayatollah Sayyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini |
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| was an Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader — a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation — until his death. |
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| is the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. |
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| essential supplements to and clarifications of the Quran, Islam's holy book, as well as in clarifying issues pertaining to Islamic jurisprudence |
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| is the second largest denomination of Islam. believes only God can choose a leader of islam |
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| refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several fields of Islamic studies. They are best known as the arbiters of shari‘a law |
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1- Belief in the Oneness of God:
There is One God, Supreme and Eternal, Creator and Provider, Who is Merciful and Compassionate. God has neither father nor mother, and no sons or daughters. God has never fathered anyone, nor was He fathered. God has no equals. He is God of all humankind, not of a special tribe, race, or group of people. He is the God of all races and colours, of believers and unbelievers alike. God is Mighty and Supreme, yet is also very near to pious, thoughtful believers, answering their prayers and helping them. God asks us to know Him, to love Him, and to follow His Law, for our own benefit and salvation.
2- Belief in the Angels of God
Angels are pure and spiritually obedient beings, created by God to fulfill His commands and worship Him tirelessly.
3- Belief in the Revelations (Books) of God
Muslims believe in the Revelations sent by Almighty God to His Prophets and Messengers including the Qur'an, the Torah, the Gospel, the Scrolls of Abraham and the Psalms of David.
4- Belief in the Prophets of God
All Messengers and Prophets of God such as Noah, Moses, Solomon, Jesus and Muhammad were mortal human beings endowed with Divine Revelations and appointed by God to teach humankind how to submit to His will and obey His Laws.
5- Belief in Resurrection after Death and Day of Judgment
After the world ends, Muslims believe that all people who have died will be brought back to life (or, resurrected) in order to face the Judgment rendered to each of them by Almighty God. Muslims believe in an appointed Day of Judgment and in Heaven and Hell.
6- Belief in Premeasurement (Qadar)
Muslims believe that Almighty God has knowledge of, and control over, everything that exists in all time and space. |
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| Egyptian author, educator, Islamist theorist, poet, and the leading member of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in the 1950s and '60s |
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| Balfour Declaration of 1917 |
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| was a letter from the British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Baron Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. |
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| for a short time King of the Arab Kingdom of Syria or Greater Syria in 1920, and was King of the Kingdom of Iraq (today Iraq) from 23 August 1921 to 1933. He was a member of the Hashemite dynasty, a descendant of the family of Muhammad. tried to diversify his administration by including different ethnic and religious groups in offices |
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| is the principle that defines the basic characteristics of the Republic of Turkey. It was developed by the Turkish national movement and its leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
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| t was a nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandate Palestine against British colonial rule and mass Jewish immigration |
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| was an offensive war fought by France, the United Kingdom, and Israel against Egypt beginning on 29 October 1956.[12][13] Less than a day after Israel invaded Egypt, Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to Egypt and Israel, and then began to bomb Cairo. In a short time, and despite Israeli and British denials, considerable evidence showed that the two attacks were planned in collusion, with France as the instigator, Britain as a belated partner, and Israel as the willing trigger |
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| The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO; original name was Middle East Treaty Organization or METO; also known as the Baghdad Pact) was formed in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. It was dissolved in 1979. |
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| favor free-market policies in economics, they accept a role for the national government in fighting poverty and promoting the public good, like traditional conservatives in Europe and Canada and unlike most American conservatives, influenced by libertarian traditions in the United States is a branch of American conservatism |
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| was a Palestinian leader and a Laureate of the Nobel Prize. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA),[2] and leader of the Fatah political party, which he founded in 1959 |
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was the democratically elected[1][2][3] Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953 when he was overthrown in a coup d'état orchestrated by the British MI5 and the United States Central Intelligence Agency.
From an aristocratic background, Mosaddegh was an author, administrator, lawyer, prominent parliamentarian, and politician. During his time as prime minister, a wide range of progressive social reforms were carried out. Unemployment compensation was introduced, factory owners were ordered to pay benefits to sick and injured workers, and peasants were freed from forced labor in their landlords' estates. Twenty percent of the money landlords received in rent was placed in a fund to pay for development projects such as public baths, rural housing, and pest control.[4]
He is most famous as the architect of the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, which had been under British control since 1913 through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) (later British Petroleum or BP). |
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| refers to events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy (Pahlavi dynasty) under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and its replacement with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution. |
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