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Definition
1805-1849
- Sent to Egypt by Ottomans after British/French left
- Eliminated Mamluks (1812) and controlled Ulama via Waqf
Economic Reform: irrigation projects, monopolized agricultural products. Introduced European industries (failed, no skill-set). Competition w/ Europe destroyed agriculture, 1838 British/Ottoman trade treaty).
Modernization of Army: Nezami Jedid (officers were albanians, turks, etc, european trained). Got rid of old army in Arabian Campaign (1811-1818) |
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- Called for a return to Islamic Purty -- Rashidun Caliphates.- - Anti Shi'ite -- Destroyed Karbala in 1802
- Went into Syria 1811
- Occupied Mecca / Medina, the Hijaz |
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Term
| Muhammad Ali in the Sudan |
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Definition
1820 - 1822
- Moved in to eliminate fugitive mamluks
- Extensive Africa trade through Sudan, including gold mines
- Condominium Rule w/ Britain 1822-1899 |
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Term
| Muhammad Ali and the Hijaz |
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Definition
Interferred for two reasons:
1. Get rid of old army
2. Increase religious prestige through control of holy sites. |
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Term
| Greek War for Independence |
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Definition
1821-1830
Muhammad Ali joined on ottoman sultans side, was promised Syria. Wanted to test new navy.
- Sultan abolishes janissaries (1826)
- Battle of Navarino (1827) sultan/ali's navy destroyed
- Lord Byron / Romantacism - Killed 1824 (36) |
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French Economist - 1765-1820 - Utopian Socialism / long-term projects - Influence on Egypt = Suez Canal, vast foreign debts for failing projects. |
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1831-1840 - Had been promised Syria by ottoms in exchange for support during war in Greece - Wanted various resources (timber, coffee, tobacco, etc) - Favorable international conditions = British dealing w/ chartism, ottoman army weak, navy destroyed, rebellion againts ottomans in damascus. |
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Definition
1831-1840 under Ibrahim Pasha - Established border security, promoted agriculture. - Opened Syria to foreign influences (trade, embassies in damascus, foreign missionaries and schools). - Emancipated Christians, recognized protestants, greek catholics. |
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Definition
Ali dynasty granted hereditary rule by ottomans (1841) in exchange for tribute. - Suez canal built by frenchman ferdinand de lesseps (1869). 99 year concession to british. - assembly of delegates / consitution 1866 - state system of education seperated from military 1837 |
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Term
| British Occupation of Egypt |
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Definition
1882-1914 - growing interest in the canal (purchased Egypts 177,000 shares in 1875). - French opposition placated by occupation of Tunisia. - Egpt heavily indebted to the west - Ottomans weak...didn't even sever diplomatic relations. - Declared a protectorate in 1914, no more ottoman authority. |
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Term
| Egyptian Nationalist Movement |
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Definition
1. Popular movement headed by Arabi defeated by british. 2. Islamic movement headed by al-Afghani (Iranian), expected ottoman support. 3. Middle Class parties (established 1907) - Hizb Watani (patriotic party) established by Mustafa Kamel, 1907. - Hizb al-Umma (peoples party) established by liberals, 1907 - Party of constitutional reform -- khedive |
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Term
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Definition
1906. British were shooting at birds, accidentally killed an Egyptian Woman. British officers were killed in retaliation, and then those responsible for attacks were executed. One cause for increased political activisim in 1907. |
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Term
| Increased political activisim in 1907 |
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Definition
Dinshaway Incident (1906) Russia's defeat by Japan (1905) Lord Cromer's retirement (1883-1907) Iranian Constitution (1906) CUP taking over power in Turkey (1908) |
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Term
| Weakness of parties in Egypt |
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Definition
- Newspapers were limited to intellectuals - Movements dependant on middle-class, but egyptian middle class was mostly immigrants (syrian, greek, italian). - |
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Term
| European Protection of Minorities |
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Definition
Primarily in greater syrian - France = Catholics - Britain = Jewish / Druze - Russia = Greek Orthodox |
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Term
| Arab National Conciousness - Literary Phase |
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Definition
Introduction of Printing Press (as early as 1707 in Syria, but 1835/1853 by presbyterians and jesuits). - literary class (mostly christians educated in missionary schools) established. - Secularists, educated in Europe, called for liberalism, modernization, and patriotism. |
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Term
| Emerging Arab Conciousness - Political Phase |
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Definition
Secret Society of Beirut (1875) - urging arabs to rise against ottomans - CUP comes to power in 1909 - Initially welcomed by arab groups asking for decentralization, but turned radical after CUP attempted turkification of arabs. = Covenant Society (arabs in ottoman army) and Young Arab Society (Paris, 1913). |
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Definition
crown prince Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungry assassinated by Serb Princep |
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Definition
November 2, 1917 - Sir Arthur Balfour, proclaimed that Britain would create a homeland for Jews in Palestine. |
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| Husayn-McMahon Correspondence |
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Definition
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Definition
- Balfour Declaration
- Bolsheviek Revolution
- US declared war on Germany |
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Definition
Arab Revolt
- Faysal Husayn + TE Lawrence destroy hijaz railway
1918 allenby captures damascus |
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Term
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Definition
april 25, 1920
Britain = Palestine / Iraq
France = Lebannanon / Syria
ignored king crane commision (palestine in syria, jewish homeland bad idea, syria not okay w/ french rule) 1919 |
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Definition
treaty between sultan and allied powers
- thrace given to greece
- British / French mandates acknowledged
- France and Italy given spheres of influence |
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Term
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Definition
created rival government to sultan in after British occupied Istanbul (retaliation for armenian massacres).
- Had support of troops, defeated the sultan, greeks.
- British / French withdrew, accepted Kemal's gov't.
Abolished sultanate 1922, became president of turkey in 1923, government in Ankara. Abolished Caliphate in 1923. |
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Definition
intellectual origins = 2 teachers in damascus (1947)
- took over syria through the military (1963)
- Iraq (saddam Hussein) in 1968
Michael Aflaq, Salah Bitar |
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Term
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Definition
"ascent to zion" - hill where temple was built
term for jewish immigrations to palestine (5 total)
- 1881 jews leaving soviet union because of pogroms |
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Term
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Definition
1939 - limit 15,000 over 5 years, self-rule of palestine in 10 years. said there should not be a jewish state.
- Upset many jews.
- Led to US involvement with biltmore program (biltmore hotel)
- Rescinded white paper
1947 - UN became involved. |
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Term
| UN involvement in Palestine |
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Definition
November 1947 - UN votes for partition
Britain withdraws 1948, may 14
Arab armies intervene may 15, defeated by Israel
700,000 palestinians flee/evicted
350,000 jews evicted from various arab countries
- 50% of baghdads population jewish. |
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Term
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Definition
Prime Minister Disraeli (1868, 1874-1880)
Balfour Declaration 1917
White Paper 1939 |
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Definition
1894 - arrested, charged w/ treason (germany)
- First case of anti-semitism talked about
- Defended by Emile Zola, sucessfully exonerated (1906) |
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Term
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Definition
Ferdinand de Lesseps, completed 1869
11.5 to build, 1 million on celebrations
- Eugenie, Emile Zola, Vardi, Franz Josef
177,000 shares to egypt, purchased by Britain in
britain bought all shares in 1875
open to everyone (istanbul 1888)
nationalized in 1956 |
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