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| "Revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians" |
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| One of the first upper-class samurai to voice dissent against the Tokugawa shogunate. He authored and circulated a manifesto accusing government officials of moral corruption. Eventually led an army of mostly peasants to burn Osaka before being repelled. Later committed suicide after being discovered. |
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| First agreement to end Japan's policy of isolationism. Established an American consul in Japan and opened Japanese ports to American ships, but did not allow for trade. Provided safe havens for shipwrecked soldiers. |
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| After the Treaty of Kanagawa. Japan was made to allow American merchants and missionaries to live and trade in certain port cities. Americans were not subject to Japanese laws, instead went to court in America if necessary. |
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| The policy of the late Tokugawa shogunate that sought to integrate the Imperial house more deeply in matters of state. This was in response to popular dissent with the bakafu. |
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| A final civil war between the Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to restore Imperial power. Tokugawa Yoshinobu led the bakafu's army to take the imperial court, failed, then surrendered. |
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| The restoration imperial rule to Japan. The daimyo voluntarily gave up their land to the Emperor. |
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| "Abolition of the Han system"; The act passed shortly after the establishment of the Meiji gvmt that required all aimyo to relinquish their land to the Emperor. All but 14 complied. Those were threatened with military action into compliance. |
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| A diplomatic tour of the world headed by Iwakura. Two goals: 1) to renegotiate unequal treaties 2) to gather information about other cultures. First failed, but the second sparked more modernization in Japan. |
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| Imperial patronage and pilgrimage to several shrines. |
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| "Civilization and Enlightenment". A recurring theme for the Meiji gvmt. Following the strict isolationist practices of the Tokugawa, the Meiji era is categorized by Bunmei-kaika. |
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| An author, philosopher, and governemnt theorist whose ideas influenced the development of Meiji Japan. |
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| Outline of a Theory of Civilization |
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| A Book by Fukuzawa Yukichi. He describes his theory that civilization is relative. For example, China was more civilized than Africa at that point but not more so than Europe. |
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| "Enrich the country, strengthen the military"; Was the national slogan during the Meiji era, where Japan was trying to industrialize and improve it's world-standing. |
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