formed to protect newly black slaves in the South after the Civil War. In 1866 tried to get extended but Andrew Johnson vetoed it. The veto marked the fight between the president and the Republican Party. 

- restricting the freedom of African Americans baldly revealed that they intended to preserve the trappings of slavery as nearly as possible, varied form state to state. In some states like Mississippi they could not own farmland, and in south Carolina they could not own city lots. (528)

1866 Polaski Tennessee. KKK was formed, overthrow construction white power, attacked newly free slaves and anyone involved in the positive movement carpetbaggers north  scallywags south

Deal made by a special congressional commission on March 2, 1877, to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876; Republican Rutherford B Hayes, who had lost the popular vote, was declared the winner in exchange for the withdrawl of federal troops from the South, marketing the end of Reconstruction.

R plantation owners, re-estashlished white supremacy. B people in redeemer governments. Poll tax stopped from voting because had no money. Literacy tests couldn’t read, no vote. Within the democratic party they would purchase votes to win. 

Booker T Washington, WEB DuBois, Ida Wells were educated black people.  

- ran for president federal times, once in jail and still got votes, socialist part of America (1901). He founded the American Railway Union, which he organization against the Pullman Palace Car Company during the Pullman strike. Later he organized the Social Party of American. In 1912 presidential election, he ran as the Socialist’s party’s candidate and received more than 900,000 votes.

Steel- not born rich, he cut out the middle man by controlling all the processes. Symbol of capitalists who helped develop American Industry. Figured if you cut out the middle men you save money and take out competition

craft; if you didn’t know craft, you couldn’t join, weakness: craft minority in factories eventually mechanization took over all male and manly white. Industrial; aimed at workers with no skills, sell body for wage (iww) 

important philosopher pragmatism; however he referred to use the term instrumentalism because he saw ideas as instruments of action.

turned off the gas lights at one of their meetings and produced candles lighting them with the new friction matches, locofocos. Members of the locofoco.

political movement that grew out of the Patrons of Hunbandry, an educational and social organization for farmers founded in 1867; the Grange had its greatest success in the Midwest of the 1870s, lobbying for government control of railroad and grain elevator rates and establishing farmers’ cooperatives.

Political success of Farmers Alliance candidates encouraged the formation in 1892 of the Peoples Party (later renamed the Populist Party); active until 1912, it advocated a variety of reform issues, including, including free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of US senators.

The democratic party of 1896 vs. Republican William McKinley. The populist party agreed with the Democratic Party and fusion occurred. He was the first to embark on the nationwide train speaking campaign but lost. 

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

-  In hopes of protecting the Chinese market for US exports, Secretary of State John Hay unilaterally announced in 1899 that Chinese trade would be open to all nations.

“the Influence of Sea Power Upon History”, Alfred Thayer Mahan was an advocate for sea power and Western Imperialism. In 1890, he published the Influence of Sea Power Upon History in which he argued that a nations greatness and prosperity comes from maritime power. He believed that america’s destiny was to control the Carribean, build the Panama Canal, and spread Western civilization across the Pacific.

 became president in 1900 because McKinley was shot. He did the Meat Inspection Act, regulated railroad rates, the Elkins Act, and conservation (land for people). He recruited Taft in 1908. 

they were journalists who wrote about urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, child labor, and the meat packing industry. (Issues in society). Examples Upton Sinclair, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Ida Tarbell.

Platform of the Progressive party and slogan of former President Theodore Roosevelt in presidential campaign of 1912; stressed government activism, including regulation of trusts, conservation, and recall of state court decisions that had nullified progressive programs.

In the 1912 Elecetion, Theodore Roosevelt was unable to secure the Republican nomination for president. He left the Republican party and formed his own party of progressive Republicans, called the Bull Moose party. Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican vote, which allowed Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win.

was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. decided that the Fourteenth Amendment (because the Grangers asserted their due process right to property was being violated) did not prevent the State of Illinois from regulating charges for use of a business' grain elevators. Instead, the decision focused on the question of whether or not a private company could be regulated in the public interest.

was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization in 1899.

Republican Party Dominance: the majority party from 65-1912, when Woodrow Wilson was elected.  

was a women’s rights leader and she thought it was unfair that AA men could vote and not women. 

American author, publisher, literary scholar and historian, is understood to be a nationally recognized leader of the contemporary feminist movement, founded the feminist press

the central banking system of the United States of America, which was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson.

by 1900 more than ½ population lived in cities 

- pratically sold their bodies to work, if you worked hard enough could earn enough money to create your own business. 

- only appeard to the minority of people.

- Karl Marx history stuggle of social class.

- Utopian (Robert, Owen) setting up ideal communities

- Danie DeLeon Socialist industrious unionism only workers who are socialist will do good.

- Eugene Debbs ran for president federal time.

Knights of labor formed as a protest against the treatment of workers in factories and small farmers.

-KOL leader = Terrance Powderly

Had to know craft

mechanism took over

Aimed at workers with no skills, sell body for wage

8 hrs/day;7 days a week 

10 hr law max.

Didn’t pass

-       mugwumps-       populism-       socialism

-       democracy, city, middle class-       themes

o   democracy, “direct primary” believed in recall efficiency 

-       1892 populism in every state (south)-       Populists opposed democrats at first-       Supported silver Issue of reform Jim Crow Laws  

populists fuse with democrats (William Jennings Bryan)