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• refers to the French and Industrial Revolutions
• these two events combined lay the groundwork for many of the European events that followed
• 3 phases of the French Revolution that last from 1772-1794
o reform the French political organization entirely; hard to find compromise between various political and social groups
• Industrial Revolution- starts in the late 1700’s and continues until the 1900’s
o New system of production and work that leads to economic and social changes |
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: July 14, 1789
• First day of the French Revolution
• After a bad year of agriculture, the sans-culottes- factory workers) are angry their salaries haven’t gone up, despite increased production
• Group of sans-culottes storm the Bastille looking for gunpowder
• Went in, freed prisoners, armed themselves, and killed the mayor of Paris
• People of Paris earning a reputation as a radical force of Revolution |
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1785-1815
• Overthrows the Directory in coup d’etat to form a new government
• Looked to Roman history for inspiration
• Strong support from French- orderly and rational administration
• “enlightened dictatorship”
• Reformed French law into a national law- concern with progressive behavior
• Impressive military accomplishments
• Attempts to overexpland French possessions- unsuccessful campaign against Russia
• French conquests stimulated nationalism throughout Europe
• Fall at Waterloo in 1815 |
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November 21, 1806- April 11, 1814
• Foreign policy of Napolean I of France
• Embargo against British Trade
• During the Napoleonic Wars
• Napolean forbade his allies from trading with the British as a plan to help defeat them in war
• Problem: Britain had naval dominance, not a successful plan |
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(1809-1848)
• Coordinated the Congress of Vienna in 1815- restored traditional balance of power among Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
• Central figure of Hapsburg empire- dominnat empire
• After seeing what happens in France- people want new rights- Italian/Hungarian citizens want national rights
o Threatens the concept of the multinational state
• Huge opponent of nationalism because Austria, at the time, was a multiethnic nation and thus tries to control nationalistic impulses in his country
• Wants to prevent another French Revoltuion from happening
• States that political legitimacy comes from God- the idea of the divine right
• Liberal movements force his resignation and went to England |
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(1824-1830)
• Forced to abdicate |
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(1830-1848)
• King during the “July Revolution”
• Last king to rule France
• “Bourgeioise king”
• more interested in business than royal protocol
• voting restricted to a small minority of property-owning men; hated by Republicans
o Forced to abdicate in 1848, then lived in exile in England
Revolutions of 1848 (particularly French example) |
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• Supported by liberals and peasants
• Became known as Napolean III
• Ruled during the Second Empire (1852-1870); a period of stability, prosperity, and expanding French power
• Authoritarian, yet respected the rule of law and basic civil liberties
• Appealed to French nationalism and expanded the French empire
• Eventually brought down by his inability to deal with the rising power of Prussia
• Ultimately replaced by the Third Republic |
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• Skilled artisans in 19th century England; during the Napoleonic Wars- harsh economic climate/bad working conditions in textile factories
• Broke into factories and smashed the machinery, since it was a threat to their livelihood
• Representative of the social disorder |
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develops in the 19th century; in both Europe and the United States
• Believes human nature is inherently rational
• Atomistic: believe in the power of the individual to transform society; the individual is also the main unit of society
• Social contracts between individuals in society
• Didn’t want government to restrain individuals’ activities that might result in progress → laissez faire
o Freedom of speech, religion, markets, press
• Response to the Industrial Revoluti |
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19th century, Europe, associated with classic liberalism
• Greatest good for the greatest amount of people
• Factor of classic liberalism |
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| Myth of the self-made man |
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• Represented by Bounderby in Hard Times- claims his hard work has brought him to an elevated position/wealth
• Idea that if you work hard, you can rise up in society/social rankings
• Not really feasible- where you are born is where you will live |
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• Class who owned factories, made political/legal decisions – much wealthier than proletariat
o Class develops with the rise of the Industrial Revoltuion
• Values the individual
• Perpetuates the myth of the self-made man
• Interested in improving civic life
• Corrupt family life
• Proletariat- gets frustrated with them, results in social change
• Example: Thomas Gradgrind |
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- 19th century
• Most developed in Germany and France
• Perfect, happy society= utopia
• Believe that in order to change the world, we need to change the environment people live in; bad environments lead to bad and unhappy people
• Supports the abolition of property and social equality
• Example Utopian socialists: Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, Henri Di Sans Simone
• Common threads: none of them worked; look out for workers lives and owners should respect this; optimistic towards improving society; want equality between the sexes; the harmful environment created by the Industrial Revolution has detrimental effects on people and societies |
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(May 1771- November 1858)
• Welsh Social reformer
• Member of the bourgeoisie but didn’t like mistreating his employees
• Believed people were products of their environment/heredity
• Supporter of education and labour reform
• Religions weaken men
• Setup a new factory with comfortable conditions; wanted it to be a model for other factories
o Not profitable factory- unable to achieve success |
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(October 1760- May 1825)
• French socialist- in Paris
• Thought influences Marx
• Had opinions on what the industrial workplace should look like
• Business should be as productive and socially harmonious as possible
• Famous for saying that class relations would determine changes in society
• Technocrat: intimate knowledge should run the company; marriage between the workers and business owners |
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(1848)
• Outlines specifics of Marx’s revolution
• Called for a revolution where men could fulfill themselves with a meaningful life at work; go back to a time where people found fulfillment through their employment
• Positive view of humanity: people can transform themselves for the better
• Belief more in advances as a community rather than advances of the individual
• Communist society could reinvigorate society
• studied history to determine that many events were defined by class conflict/labor relationships
• human divisions in society change- often as a result of new modes of production
• Marx’s dialectic: thesis + antithesis = synthesis; this new idea will be communism
• States that communism will be the end of history- there will be no more class conflict and thus no motor for change
• Believes the Industrial Revolution is a necessary step in the progress of society
• Different from utopian- intentional; especially because they aren’t effective → didn’t want to be associated with something fanciful
• Shortcomings:
o Marx did not take nationalism seriously
o No place for peasantry in Europe
o Religion not considered
o Timing was off
o Society is complex |
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| Materialism and historical determinism |
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(1848)
• Marx believes that Communism will be the end of history; no more class conflict will follow and there there will be no motor for change
• Will see a dissolution of classes, private property
• Calls it the permanent revolution
• Materialist= certain things must be in place in order for change to occur |
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feature of bourgeoisie society
• Refers to gender roles/responsibilities in bourgeoisie life
• Men: responsible for all money matters no matter where it came from; safety, protection; family decisions; working
• Women: raised children (but often by a nanny), interacted with servants, in charge of social gatherings
o Cult of womanhood: pious, domestic, pure, submissive; very specific values
o Nearly impossible for working class women to reach these goals because they simply couldn’t afford it
• Overlap on some occasions, but most different roles |
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• Written by Henrik Ibsen, in 1879
• Reveals the sickness- both literal and nonliteral within the bourgeoisie home; critical of marriage norms of th etime
• In the end- Nora, the mother- walks out on her family |
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• Husband to Nora in A Doll’s House
• Treats his wife like a daughter, play thing |
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large community of people, unified by the belief that they share a common homeland and culture; those who form a nation should have their own political and cultural institutions and should be protected
• Becomes a growing influence in Europe, especially in Germany and Eastern Europe
• Often seen as a product of the French Revolution
• Linked to patriotism
• Championed by the political left and despised by conservatives |
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• Prior to 1815- loose groupings of states
• Congress of Vienna- unifies Germany, reduces the number of states within it
• German Confederation- made so Germany would be less prone to nationalist outbreaks |
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1870
• Controversy over who was going to take the throne in Spain
• Ultimately- French were required to pay reparations to the Prussian forces
• Brought about the final unification of Germany under Prussia- the clearly stronger force
• Marks the downfall of Napolean III and the end of the Second French Empire |
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• Culture struggle
• Refers to german policies regarding religion
• 1871-1878
• enacted by Bismarck
• schools were used to further nationalist goals |
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• Theodore Herzl= journalist
• Zionist movement- Jews feel they are constantly defined as the “other;” will never be at home; want to reclaim their historical homeland in Israel
• Has its roots in the Dreyfus affair |
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- after 1870
• Defined by exploration, colonies, exploitation, natural resources, superiority issues, land acquisition
• European markets for labor/sales have been exhausted; need for raw materials (rubber, wood, coal, and minerals)- not going for slaves this time
o New markets: kind of a bust, not many products could be sold abroad
• New Imperialism- focus on colonizing Asia and Africa
• Policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic/political hegemony (dominance) over other nations
• Belief that European race was superior; should and could dominate other races
• Nationalism- close link to imperialism |
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king from 1865 until 1909
• Belgian leader
• Aggressively tries to expand the Belgian state
• Although he is not there himself, the Belgian forces brutally overcome the Congo in order to take advantage of its natural resources- makes his efforts seem like an act of philanthropy when really he is taking advantage of any resources possible |
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• British journalist
• led a campaign against slavery in the Congo/Belgian Forces |
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| George Washington Williams |
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• American
• Traveled to the Congo and saw what was happening there- his letter to Leopold helped convince European and American leaders’ opinion against the Belgian regime running the Congo |
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