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-Bastille Day
-anniversary of the storming of the bastille which was a fortress/prison
-flash point of the French Revolution |
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belief in liberty and equal rights
economy- laze faire
played a major role in influencing the French Revolution |
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conference of European powers from 1814 to 1815
created the Treaty of Paris(1814)
redrew Europe and settled the chaos that had been created by Napoleon
largely successful, established peace for another century |
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overthrew King Charles X of France
was supported by Napoleon's old soldiers and constitutional monarchists
established a constitutional monarchy in France
this period became known as the July Monarchy |
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Scottish inventor and engineer
greatly improved the steam engine, created the Watt Steam Engine
made it so less energy was wasted
because his steam engine was more effective, aided the industrial revolution |
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| The “scramble for Africa” |
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it was a land grab race in Africa between the major European powers
occurred because Africa was largely uncolonized, had resources, and could not resist
brutal tactics were used, notably in the Congo
increased European power and screwed Africa |
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giant class building built in order to hold the Great Exhibition
held in 1851, the Great Exhibition brought industrial works from around the world
demonstrated the extent to which the industrial revolution had spread/its power on the world |
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1870-1871
war between Prussia and France
France lost the war and the defeat empowered conservatism in the country
Germany was established as a major European power, was also given Alsace-Lorraine which would become a sore point for the French |
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Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th century
known for two major things- fighting for the rights for Catholics to sit in the Westminster Parliament and to repeal the act of union which combined great Britain and Ireland
increased Irish Nationalism, Ireland is independent today |
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it was a counter revolution within the French Revolution against the Reign of Terror
ended the most radical and brutal part of the revolution
increased individual liberty
eventually resulted in the Directory getting power |
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were supporters working class labor movement in the mid 19th century
first major working class movement in history
the chartists were largely successful but started a precedent
other working class movements around the world stemmed from the chartists |
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English naturalist
wrote On the Origin of Species and created the theory of natural selection
created a paradigm shift on how species were viewed
created the basis of evolution which is widely accepted today |
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Dreyfus, a Jewish army officer, was wrongly accused of treason
convicted of sending secrets to the Germans
Dreyfus was eventually acquitted and released
this was a case of blatant antisemitism and was only one such instance before the holocaust |
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the young Turks favored reform in the Ottoman Empire
were against the absolute monarchy of the sultan
started the period of liberalization in Turkey
power ended at the end of WW1 when the Ottoman Empire was defeated |
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legislative assembly of three different French classes in society
made up of the clergy, nobility, and the commoners
due to the nobility and clergy being closely aligned, commoners had little power
Estates General of 1789 was one of the major starting points of the French Revolution |
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| The Manifesto of the Communist Party |
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Definition
written in 1848 by Marx and Engels
anti capitalist writing focused on class warfare
helped to spark off change and revolution in various countries
arguably one of the most influential works in modern time |
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passed in Great Britain in 1884
extended the franchise to more males but did nothing for women
specifically it gave agricultural laborers the right to vote
voting became a right rather than a privilege of the elite
furthered reform in GB |
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Swiss author that lived in Paris during the French Revolution
she wrote various works in support of the revolution and against the french monarchy
while she was an influential female writer, she was unable to garner much success in obtaining rights for women |
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in essence, it was a German romantic movement
individuality and emotion were given priority
it was a backlash against the rationality imposed by the enlightenment
Haydn and Mozart are two notable composers stemming from it |
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overthrew King James of England
William of Orange was made king
established a constitutional monarchy in England
thus the powers of the monarchy were curbed and it was only one step in the eventually decline of the English monarchy |
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early form of socialist thought that was based on idealism rather than materialism
deemed “utopian” by later socialists because their ideas were thought to be unrealistic
they themselves did not label themselves at utopians
their ideas largely failed as did utopian communities |
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Italian leader in unification
leader of Piedmont-Sardinia
at the time of his rise, Italy was divided into multiple small nation states
helped to begin the unification process which created the Italy we know today |
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the factory act of 1833 improved working conditions for workers
more specifically, it established limits on the hours that children could work
furthermore, it provided for the routine inspection of factories
this was only one of various acts that improved working conditions in Great Britain |
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alliance between GB, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
alliance's aim was to defeat Napoleon
the alliance was successful in defeating Napoleon
due to the defeat of Napoleon, Europe was largely peaceful for the next century |
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invented in 1768, used water to power it
spun thread from wool or cotton
reduced the amount of human labor needed
thus production increased and cost decreased
important invention in the industrial revolution |
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she was a very influential writer during the French Revolution
most known for Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
while she gained a large audience, the French Revolution went against her beliefs as it progressed
she was eventually arrested and executed |
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the Duma was a Russian legislative assembly
created by the last czar, Nicholas II under intense pressure
before its first assembly, Nicholas II severely limited its powers
the Duma was only another progression against the czar which culminated in him eventually being overthrown |
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it was a racist belief that justified colonization
it was the white man's obligation to rule over and develop other less developed races
this particularly came into play in Africa
lended to the sense of white superiority |
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system under Napoleon
sought to cripple Britain's trade economy
furthermore sought to strengthen France's economy and material power
the plan failed as Britain had dominance of the seas |
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anti Jewish sentiment
particularly in Europe
resulted in events such as the Dreyfus affair
eventually led to the Holocaust |
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1848
first elected parliament for Germany
important step in the unification of Germany
as time went on, Germany became more unified and eventually developed into a powerful nation state |
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fought between Russia vs. French, British, and Ottomans
saw the first tactical and strategic use of railways
resulted in a Russian defeat
led to various Russian reforms, most notably the abolition of serfdom |
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French colony
slave rebellion in 1791 created the Haitian Revolution
became the independent country of Haiti in 1804
important victory for abolitionists |
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began in the 2nd half of the 18th century
it was a revolt against the enlightenment and industrial revolution
emphasized art, emotion, beauty, and nature rather than rationalism
had a profound impact on art and literature |
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Definition
influential and powerful group in France during the French Revolution
most notably implemented the Reign of Terror
Robespierre was the most notable of the Jacobins
the Jacobins fell from power, especially following Robespierre's execution |
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Term
| Houston Stewart Chamberlain |
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Definition
British author
most notable for his pro aryan and antismetic writings
his most important work, the foundations for the 19th century, was used as a reference during the rising tide of German Nationalism and antimsemitism following WW1 and prior to WW2 |
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Definition
a group of intellectuals during the Enlightenment
applied reason to every facet of life
promoted progress, tolerance, and liberalism
in many ways they influenced the start of the French Revolution |
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nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
he was the president of the French Second Republic
sought to expand France's power internationally
began the Franco Prussian war which ended in disaster
died in exile |
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resulted from disputes in trade between the British and the Chinese
the British defeated the Chinese multiple times
resulted in forced trade which benefited the British and expanded the opium trade
also resulted in the British gaining Hong Kong |
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| “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” |
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Definition
1789
influential document in the French Revolution established the rights of men in France the issues of women's rights and slavery are notably missing from the document despite this, it still was a step forward in progress for the rights of citizens |
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also known as the Code Napoleon
it forbade privileges based on birth or rank, established freedom of religion, and stated government jobs should go to the most qualified
served as an all encompassing law rather than a patch work of laws
influenced many other countries well after the Napoleonic Wars and is one of the most influential legal codes in history |
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written in 1762 by Rousseau on how best to set up a political community
argued that people need freedom and that all participants in the social contract must be free
inspired various political reforms throughout Europe and was especially influential in France and the French Revolution |
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influential Enlightenment thinker
known as the father of liberalism
believed in individualism and that everyone had the right to defend his, “life, health, liberty, or possessions.”
influenced writers and thinkers throughout Europe as well as various reforms and revolutions |
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1793-1794
period of extreme violence after the onset of the French Revolution
a series of purges and executions took place during the Reign of Terror
led in large part by the Jacobins
eventually Robespierre and the Jacobins were overthrown and the terror ended |
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Marxist organization of socialist and labor parties formed in Paris in 1889
declared an international workers day
campaigned for the 8 hour work day
dissolved during WW1 |
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two wars fought between Britain and the Boer Republics
exemplified imperialism
ended with the end of the Boer Republics and established British dominance in South Africa
led to various reforms in the British military
also led to health reforms in Great Britain as many of the males were unfit to fight |
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serfdom is the status of peasants in a feudalistic society
serfs occupy and farm land in return for protection from a lord
serfs also had to pay taxes often in the form of crops
serfs were the lowest level of society
ended in Europe after the abolition of serfdom by Russia in 1861 |
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