1.       a peninsula in southern Europe consisting of Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and parts of Yugoslavia

1.       a yearlong airlift of supplies by the United States to West Berlin, begun in 1948 after the Soviet Union blocked access to Berlin.

1.       a policy enunciated by Soviet Communist Party leader Leonid Brezhnev that justified Soviet military intervention in neighboring socialist states that had strayed too far from the Soviet model.

1.       the forcible merger of individual peasant farms into collective farms, begun by Soviet party leader Stalin in 1929.

1.       an area free of barriers to trade; term used to describe the early visions of the European Union.

1.       an organization created in Moscow in 1949 to coordinate trade and integrate the economies of the Eastern European communist states. Dissolved in 1991.

1.       a common market in coal and steel established by France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg in 1957; a forerunner of the EEC and the EU.

1.       known as the European Community until 1994, an intergovernmental organization promoting economic union among its member states, numbering 25 as of May 2004.

1.       a totalitarian ideology that looks to a strong dictator, reveres the nation or state, and emphasizes order, militarism, and sometimes racism. It was the system developed by Mussolini in the 1920s but is also a term used to describe the extreme right wing, nationalist, and authoritarian movements and regimes, like those of Hitler’s Germany and Franco’s Spain.

1.       the World War I peace proposal of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1918, including appeals for self-determination of nations and the creation of a league of nations.

1.       in the Soviet Union between 1934 and 1938, a repressive wave of terror that Stalin used to eliminate opposition and help establish his own unchallenged leadership.

1.       a policy of the US up until the early 20^th century to avoid political or military entanglements with the world community, especially Europe. This policy was decisively ended with the US’s involvement in Europe after WWII

1.       a policy advocating the acquisition of some region included in another country usually based on ethnicity.

1.       a large scale U.S. aid program to Western Europe from 1947 to 1952 to help rebuild the economies shattered by WWII.

1.       the doctrine postulates the right of a nation to have its own state and to choose its own form of government.

1.       the Nazi Party of Hitler.

1.       a regional mutual defense alliance formed by the US in 1949 to block the threat of the Soviet military aggression in Europe. Its membership expanded and its mission changed after the collapse of communism in 1989-1991.

1.       a doctrine that rejects all existing moral principles and social, economic, and political institutions.

1.       a 19^th century socialist movement of mostly intellectuals, who sought to transform society by basing it on the traditional peasant commune.

1.       the 1968 communist reform movement in Czechoslovakia that tried to create “socialism with a human face” but was crushed by Soviet military intervention in August of that year. 

1.       meaning ‘resurgence’ in Italian, the 19^th century nationalist movement for the unification of Italy led by such figures as Mazini, Cavour, and Garibaldi.

1.       part of the foreign policy of the Soviet Union that subordinated national interest to international socialist ones; used to justify soviet intervention in Eastern Europe.

1.       a group in 19^th century Russia that saw Russia’s greatness as springing from traditional institutions like Orthodox Church or the village commune and therefore opposed the Westernization of Russia.

1.       the alliance of the communist states in Eastern Europe during the cold war dominated by the Soviet Union.

1.       the Polish social movement and trade union that emerge in 1980 to challenge communist rule, was crushed by martial law in 1981, and remerged to win elections in 1989.

1.       meaning in German the third realm or empire, the name used by Nazi propagandists to describe Hitler’s regime in Germany following the first Reich of the Holy Roman Empire and the second Reich of the German Empire.

1.       an alliance from the 1800s until WWI between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy. At the beginning of the War, Italy left and joined the Allies.

1.       the loose alliance between Britain, France, and Russia from 1907, becoming a formal alliance at the beginning of WWI in 1914.

1.       the peaceful, popular revolution in 1989 in Czechoslovakia that led to the resignation of the communist government and the establishment of a democratic state under the presidency of Vaclav Havel.

1.       the Warsaw treaty organization, the cold war military alliance of communist states in Eastern Europe, dominated by the Soviet Union; established in 1955 and dissolved in 1991.

1.       the democratic government established in Germany after WWI and lasting until Hitler accession to power in 1933.