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Modern Biology
Fundamentals of Genetics - CH 9
30
Biology
9th Grade
01/10/2009

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Term
Genetics
Definition
is the field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring.
Term
Heredity
Definition
the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring.
Term
Trait
Definition
a genetically determined variant of a characteristic.
Term
pollination
Definition
the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures (the anthers) to the tip of a female reproductive structure (the pistil) of a flower in angiosperms or to the ovule in gymnosperms
Term
self-pollination
Definition
the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower on the same plant
Term
cross-pollination
Definition
a reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant.
Term
true-breeding
Definition
describes organisms or genotypes that are homozygous for a specific trait and thus always produce offspring that have the same phenotype for that trait.
Term
P generation
Definition
parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross
Term
F1 generation
Definition
the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms
Term
F2 generation
Definition
the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation
Term
dominant
Definition
describes the allele that is fully expressed when carried by only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes
Term
recessive
Definition
describes a trait or an allele that is expressed only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited
Term
law of segregation
Definition
Mende's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete
Term
law of independent assortment
Definition
the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis
Term
molecular genetics
Definition
the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the function and regulation of genes
Term
allele
Definition
one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color
Term
genotype
Definition
the entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specifc traits
Term
phenotype
Definition
an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic that results from the organism's genotyype and the environment
Term
homozygous
Definition
describes an individual that has identical alleles for a trait on both homologous chromoscomes
Term
heterozygous
Definition
describes an individual that has two differnet alleles for a trait
Term
probability
Definition
the likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event; the mathematical ratio of the number of times one outcome of any event is likely to occur to the number of possible outcomes of the event
Term
monohybrid cross
Definition
a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits
Term
Punnett square
Definition
a graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross
Term
genotypic ratio
Definition
the ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring
Term
phenotypic ratio
Definition
the ratio of phenotypes produced by a cross
Term
test cross
Definition
the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype
Term
complete dominance
Definition
a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another
Term
incomplete dominance
Definition
a condition in which a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual's two parents because the dominant allele is unable to express itself fully
Term
codominance
Definition
a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
Term
dihybrid cross
Definition
a cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene
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