Manet

Impressionism

not just a subject, everyday scene

Monet

Impressionism

1872 “Impression Sunrise”

-short brushstrokes, emphasis on construction of piece built up

-impressions of moments of day, subjects change as the light does during the day, especially outside

-no sharp lines or colors creating a strict contour

“Rouen Cathedrals”

-Monet makes impressionism most clear with his series

-cathedrals so not change color realistically, yet in different moments of the day they seem to take on the color of the surrounding light during a specific time of day

Degas

Impressionism

 “Glass of Absinthe”

-strange compositions, lower half and left tables and background cut off, leading the line of view to people, very lifelike

-more focused on what kind of people they are/ how they feel

-cut-off compositions typical of Degas, also in Japanese woodcuts

-imitation of haphazard snapshots seem even more lifelike, photographic view

-Ballet dancer paintings capture the moment

Renoir

Impressionism

1876 “Ball at Moulande Gallet”

-emphasis on brushstrokes, light effecting everyday scene

-impression of party, no specific person, more about idea of fun

1880s “Rocks at LeStac”

-outdoors, bright sunlight, shading, blur, small strokes blending different colors

Cezanne

Post-Impressionism

1839-1906

-more steadiness, real qualities of a subject (not just atmospheric moments)

-brushstrokes broad, short, sturdy; like color patches

-more constructed

-not hazy or atmospheric; things farther away he paints just as clearly as things in the foreground, manipulating things in nature (but not to point out a symbol or express feeling)

-”finding shapes in nature” (volume exagerrated, more solid structure)

-tilts stretches perspective to make new, more interesting composition

-‘father of cubism’

Seurat

Post-Impressionism, Pointillism

1859-1891

-small brushstrokes in different colors close together to brighten different colors (blends in the eye of the viewer) (same theory used in Pointillism/Neo-Impressionism/ Divisionism)

-frozen, staged, background scenery, all in profile (less spontaneous than impressionistic piece)

-no outlines yet shapes much clearer, defined and steady

-inspired by Egyptian works, all in profile

Toulouse-Lautrec

Post-Impressionism

1864-1901

-discussed as both Impressionist and Post-Impressionist

-composition cut off (as Degas)

-painted typically outcasts, felt connected (illness made his legs deformed)

-actresses, dancers

-posters for venues (ex. Moulin Rouge)

-big shapes, strong outlines for ads, flat areas of color

-liveliness still present

Van Gogh

Post-Impressionism

1853-1890

Gauguin

Post-Impressionism

1848-1903

-connected in some ways to symbolism

-was a stockbroker, led to him hating material wealth

-settled in western France, harmony with nature, humble life

-paints shepherdesses, etc.

-outstanding solid white/dark areas, so post-impressionist

-unrealistic, color distorts the scene, it is not clear where they are

-clear outlines (Cloissonism, enamel technique engraving with a small wire, fill in area between wire outline with color)

Redon

Symbolism

-creepy creatures

-undefined atmosphere, like symbolism

-gloomy haze sends symbolic message

Munch

Symbolism

-away from reality to make the inner experience more clear (unlike impressionist everyday scenes)

-inner vision, idea or feeling to communicate by exaggerating or overemphasizing things

Klimt

Symbolism

-anxious extravagance, expressing evil and beauty at the same time

-mosaic style

-rich, ornate colors

-compact visualization emphasizes symbol/feeling

Rousseau

Symbolism

-more peaceful but still mystery

-very distinct encyclopedic plants, wallpaper flowers, no formal training

Picasso

Symbolism

-blue and pink periods (color and sadness, depicting outcasts)

-much more distorted, mood more important

Horta

Art Nouveu

-‘father of art nouveau architecture’

-‘Belgian line’ = curved spiraling lines

-Hotel Tassel in Brussels 

-exterior modest, interior intricate

-raw materials, lines swirl and match movement with nature

-wide spaces, light passing through

Guimard

Art Nouveu

nature imagery more eclectic

sometimes referred to as 'Style Metro'

reflects Art Deco as well

Rennie Mackintosh

Art Nouveau

linear style of grids, elongated vertical lines and curves

Mucha

Art Nouveau

-mainly posters featuring woman with floral backgrounds

-Sarah Bernhardt launched his career by insisting he should be the only one to design posters and costumes (contracting him)

-‘Gismonda’

-life-size

Gaudi

Art Nouveau/Modernisme

-Barcelona’s leading architect in modernism

-shell and bone motifs

Matisse

Fauvism

-‘king of Fauves’

-color and distortion for expression

-joy of life/color, arabesque (curving) lines

-expressing harmony and beauty

-simplification, the art of omission

Derain

Fauvism

-think dotted brushstrokes, people painted as bright blobs of paint

-patchwork and blob people, confused perspective

-simply fun of using colors, no deeper meaning

De Vlaminck

Fauvism

fauvist expressive blocks of color in landscapes

Modersohn-Becker

Expressionism

art as a vehicle for subjective vision

portraits, self-portraits, mother and child scenes using color and pattern symbollically

Nolde

Expressionism

pioneered portraits with mysticism

interested in primitive art

combine simple, dynamic rythms and dramatic colors to strartling effect

graphic art exploits black and white (very original)

Kokoschka

Expressionism

'psychological portraits'

"there is an outpouring of feeling into the image which becomes, as it were, the soul's plastic embodiment"

Schiele

Expressionism

aggressive, nervous lines

imprisoned for 24 days for exhibiting "pornographic" drawings

series of self-portraits capturing narcissism and angst

Kirchner

Expressionism

masklike faces

color and line used symbolically and emotively

Kandinsky

Der Blaue Rieter

music major theme in his artworks

-started lyrical abstraction (non-representational art)

-bold black shadows

-Christian images, Jerusalem etc. (folkloric)

Marc

Der Blaue Reiter

(German expressionism)

soft colors, abstract view of nature 

spititual

Macke

Der Blaue Reiter

urban, joyful city scenes in harmonies of expressive color

Klee

Der Blaue Reiter

'Art does not reproduce the visible, rather, it makes visable'

experiments with color, semi-abstract lyrical

patchwork both delicate and expressive

Braque

Cubism

-shapes more defined 

-bigger use of certain colors, longer, smoother brushstrokes

-shape over color (analytical cubism)

-multiple viewpoints combined within one picture

Juan Gris (1887-1927)

Cubism

-less colorful, quieter depictions, symmetrical

-starts with abstraction to create shape

-synthetic: pushes objects together as if in collage

-a lot flatter space

-still playing with depth, perspective, abstraction to create ambiguous space

Boccioni

Futurism

- wrote futurist manifestos with others

-temporal space shows dynamic speed and noise of modern age

-rapid movement in cyclical sense

-vibrant colors indicate celebration of technology

-quick efficient movement

Delaunay

Orphism

Robert and Sonia

-fragmentation of cubism 

-more colorful and abstract, also freer

-all about vibration of color and shape

Rodin

Sculpture

(1840-1917)

-in the hair you see the process of Rodin’s ‘unfinished’ look, also in the water he makes that translation

-not idealizing as the neo-classicists do; Rodin emphasizes real life, defects and wrinkles that give sculpture character, really showing how life is and how people are

-viewpoints from every angle equally important

Claudel

(Rodin’s assistant and lost lover)

-movement, passion, bodies come out of a sort of torrent rather than solid rock

-the whole sculpture is out of equilibrium (The Waltz)

Brancusi

(1876-1957)

-begins to reduce, leave features out of faces

-eggshape to represent promise egg can hold, ‘promise of life’

Malevich

Suprematism

-black square is feeling, white background is endless void

-different angles, movement=cubism (knife-sharpener)

Tatlin

Suprematism

(1914-15)

-abstract constructions (constructivism)

-metal, wood, steel, wire, iron, zinc, aluminum

-art should have a social purpose/function

Gabo

Suprematism

(1916-17)

-pure abstract derived from possibilities of working with different materials

El Lissitsky

Suprematism

-The Constructor

-Ambassador of Communist Russia, through his work he was an international figure and traveler

-also translated his paintings to interiors (nonfunctional)

Mondriaan

De Stijl

-ideas not restricted to the canvas

-harmonious designs of color planes

Van Doesburg

De Stijl

(1920)

-dynamic overlapping feeling provoking movement

-cut-off, tilted composition

-also wanted to effect real life, produced interiors

Rietveld

De Stijl

(1918)

-constructionist chair

-also houses with colored rectangular blocks and moveable rooms

Gropius

Bauhaus

(1925)

-funds Dessau

-curtain wall made of jumbo glass

-consistently separated parts according to functions

Picasso

‘all surfaces of an object visible’ 

-collage, geometric shapes, straight sharp lines

-Pulling different shapes out of picture, changing depth and perspective

Kandinsky

Bauhaus

fascination with shapes and color