science and reason

authority beyond church and government

apply these to human behavior to change life

Leibniz (theological) and Newton (mathematical)

open new doors in modern generation

purpose of "state"

proper relationship of "citizen" and "state"

progress and change      maintenence of status quo

^born from Enlightenment ideals---------------

Hobbes

State of Nature and Need for Government

Locke

State of Nature and Need for Government

Voltaire

State of Nature and Need for Government

Montesquieu

Contract Theorist

Enlightenment

influenced American Constitution

pro-separation of powers

society: monarchy, aristocracy, commons

government: sovereign, administrative

administrative: executive, legislative, judicial

forms of gov: monarchy (honor), republic (virtue), despotism (fear)

Rousseau

Contract Theorist

Enlightenment

influenced French Revolution

classical republicism--city state

state of nurture is primitive: without law or morality

joining together in civil society through social contract: preserve self and remain free

soveriegnty belongs to the people

Jefferson

Contract Theorist

drafted and then wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776

final draft done June, ratified July 4

navigation act

proclamation of 1763

stamp act

duties on goods and service

British were weak internationally--overstretched

British military overextended

British taxation for colonial governance at all time high

grant autonomy:

be part of British Empire, but control own government

3 accomplishments and 1 reaction to

1st Continental Congress

resolution to King George

colonial militias (non-uniform defense service)

watchdog committies (spies for both sides)

declared and "open act of rebellion" by Parliament

4 facts about

2nd Continental Congress

fighting in MA already underway

all 13 colonies attened

influenced by outside agitation (Thos. Payne)

Declaration of Independence ratified

Declaration of Independence dates:

introduced

passed

signed

sealed

April

July 2

July 4

Aug 2

1776

want people to believe the cause is permissible

20 copies written and signed (for multiple recipients)

describe why they have chosen to declare independence: don't want tyrannicle govenment

declare rights of man and government

report 27 grievances (mostly about representation and law, not about taxes very much)

Us vs. Them (British)

Us (Pats) vs. Us (Torries)

enemy's enemy is friend (France and Spain)

Revolution battles

7 total

Lexington & Concord 1775

Bunker Hill 1775

Trenton (Dec) 1776

Saratoga 1777

King's Mountain 1780 (us vs. us)

Cowpens 1781 (turning point in our favor)

Yorktown 1781

Problems with

Articles of Confederation

executive by committee (elect from legislature)

no national judiciary

legislature (9 votes to pass anything)

all states could decide own: tax and currency

Representation, Executive, Judiciary:

Virginia plan

New Jersey plan

based on population size of state

every state counts equally

2 chambers: 1 by population and 1 where equal

majority neeed by both chambers

of slavery: 3/5 compromise states slaves count for 3/5 of a person when considering population

of commerce: should federal gov have right to make laws regarding transport of goods? never tax exports, but right to regulate commerce between states and other countries

Constitution:

Preamble

Article 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Bill of Rights

P: what gov shall do for the people

1:Legislative branch (most important)

2:Executive branch

3:Judicial branch

4:relations among states

5:amendments

6:national supremacy

7:ratification

Bill: assure that gov doesn't have too much power

used to promote the Constitution to the public

used reason and logic to support

Good and Bad

of the Constitution

G: unity, prosperity, defense, amiguity of language

B: wealth for wealthy, poorly defined judiciary, ambiguity

1st Estate

of French Estates General

Clergy

largest

nobless oblige--obliged to do more for community

clergy servants to public

2nd Estate:

of French Estates General

Nobility

2nd largest

both resulting form social order

3rd Estate

of French Estates General

by 3rd Estate--June 1789

says they are "done" until general population accurately has say in distribution

nobility doesn't care

clergy recognizes unhappiness of those they serve so they leave as well

Tennis Court Oath

National Constituent Assembly

(French Revolution)

3rd and 1st Estate join until receive true weight

Louis finally gives in

1789 Louis XVI brought troops to Paris

Parisian militia tries to steal weapons against Bastille (no match for French army)

July 14, 1789 "Storming the Bastille": Parisian militia tries to recover officers from prision and turning point in changing governance

King liberalizes: cabinet elected w/in

1789 Surrender of Feudal Privileges: nobility keep title and wealth, but title is not passed on to children

1789 Declaration of Rights of Man & Citizens

1790 Civil Constitution of Clergy (could preach for or against King/state)

New Constitution: constitutional monarchy (king still head, but doesn't make laws/not above law)

war brings money, so declare war on Austria (which was lost)

reaction is 2nd revolution in France

"Radical Revolution"

Sans-Culottes overthrow Jacobins (working class now in power)

Imprisonment/execution of Louis XVI

Committee for Public Safety

the Convention: new committee of power, Girondis

executive committee for public virtue

civic virtue: canonizing in laws of France

Fall 1793-Summer 1794

return of Jacobins

reaction to Girondists: couldn't win war, couldn't supress enemies, obstructing civil virtue

Revolutionary Tribunals: 3 person cart w/giotine (clean out rest of nobility left in Paris, then execute opponents to Parisian revolution)

40,000victims (pesants and sans-culottes)

Robespierre

Maximilien Robespierre

1758-1794

Jacobin

supporter of republican governance

Civic Virtue embodiment: cult of civit virtue/Supreme Being

leader of terror

9th of Termidor: group assassinates him and ends reign of terror

Born 15 Aug 1769

nickname: disrupter

died May 1821 in exile

French military schools (best b/c of family weath)

Brienne-le-Chateau: k-12

Ecole Royale Militaire: similar to West Point & Anapolis mixture

Establishment of Napoleon

1789 Revolution

3 things

1794 artillery commander at Toulon: fame b/c of family of publishers

associate of Robspierre's brother=imprisonment

1795 Wiff of Grapeshot: hero status after puts down riots

Napoleon's Italian Campaign

5 things

1796-97

"Little corporal"

refused to dethrone Pope

defeated Austrian army in Alps

consolidated French territories in Italy

purge of Royalists

Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign

3 things

1798-99

to get him out of France--head of expidition: success on land, failure at sea

1799 ordered back after French headpost at Nile lost

British break treaty, force French out of Egypt: Napoleon's hatred for British begins

Coup of 18 Brumaire

Date & 4 facts

9 Nov 1799

republic of France bankrupt

Directory unpopular so create Elected Consul (1 of 3)

Constitution Year VIII: Napoleon named First Consul

Constitution X: Napoleon named First Consul for Life

Napoleonic Reforms

List 6

centralized administration

higher education: build colleges/universities

tax system: regular & constant = normalize flow

central bank: regulate funds received from ^

legal codes: if do X, __ is punishment

Louisiana Purchase: secret deal w/Thos. Jefferson, no longer needs to maintain land

Napoleon as Emperor

List 3

Assassination plot: cause 2 other consuls to be executed, legislature suspended

2 Dec 1804 coronation: end of Revolution

European reaction: Third Coalition see it as threat, want to offset his power hunger

5 Countries that make up

Third Coalition

British

Dutch

Spanish

Russians

Portugese

Napoleonic Wars

List 5

20 Oct  Battle of Ulm (V)

21 Oct Battle of Tratalgar (L)

1806-07 defeat of Prussia

signs treaty w/Czar Alexander I: divides Europe

Continental System: starve Britain

Penninsular War

List 3

Continental System: starve Britain

Napoleon invades Spain & Protugal: French V costly

Austrian-Prussian Alliance: draw at Aspern-Essling

Napoleon's Invasion of Russia

List 6

Russia backs out of Continental System: trades w/ Britain

Napoleon sends 600,000 troops to Russia

Russians retreat & scorch earth

at Borodino, Russians retreat

Moscow: French victory, but can't maintain presence

only 40,000 returned to France

UK, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, Russia, Prussia

Aug 1813 French V at Battle of Dresden

Oct 1813 French L at Battle of Leizpzig

100 Days

List 5

Napolen accepts Exile to Elba

Restoration of King Louis XVIII: by Sixth Coalition

Louis breaks terms of exile: Napoleon returns

Napoleon: "If any man would shoot his emperor" to former army

Waterloo, Belgium: Napoleon defeated by Lord Wellington, sent back to exile

First exile: Elba, visitors, letters received but not sent

Second exile: Oct 1815, Saint Helena, resources by boat, deserted and small

Died at Saint Helena May 1821

Napoleon's Legacy

List 6

Professional Conscript Army: draft army = well-trained and ready

New Military Operations Strategy: combined arm tactics

New Ideas of Defeat: military, economy, sociopolitical structures

Napoleonic Code and Theorem

Ultimate Loss of Status for France

Inspiration for Later Autocrats

Thomas Malthus

Theories of Population Growth

1798  Essays on the Principle of Population

response to Marquis de Condorcet

anglican priest

time of community/common area farming

population expansion causes common area to be insufficient

growth is bad b/c earth cannot support increased pop.

growth exponential, food & resources linear

Marquis de Condorcet

Theries of Population Growth

1798  Progress of the Human Mind

human have made progress in: science, economics, etc b/c of human reason

human population expanding

if we weren't becoming better, population wouldn't be expanding

Dispersal

Patten of Pop. Change

new frontiers/territories

John Locke says person who makes best use of property gets to claim it: typically industrialized agrarians

New Frontiers

Pattern of Pop. Change

open to Western expansion

force population out, to integrate, or to die out

Urbanization

Pattern of Pop. Change

birth and growth of cities

Europe: at least 1 city in every country of 1 million people+ by 1800

Asia

Patterns of Population Change

List 4 (2 sub points of 1)

Dispersal: New Frontiers, Disease

Urbanization

Crop diversity (vs. monoculture)

Medicine

Economic Progress

smallpox: separate living from animals, improved living conditions --> use of cowpox to innoculate against smallpox

ecology of diseases: how they spread --> urbanization more successful

China's Economic Trends

List 4

Internal Marketplace: not worried about international trade

Low-Tech Industry: lower production rate

Canton Trade System: view themselves higher than others

Economically Vulnerable: people tired of gold & silver for goods, no exchange = look for something else to trade (opium)

1760s keep foreign "barbarians far from Chinese epi-center

13 countries get to build factories in Canton

1 ship at a time to transport goods

1 Chinese merchant to trade for each factory

1780s freigners able to purchase goods from China: trade deficit

India's Economic Trends

List 4

Low-Tech Industry: large population

Mughal System: rulers

East India Trading Company: British, sellers prefer b/c better profit

- British Colony 1857

Export Orientation

Western European Economic Trends

List 5

Science & Industrialization: leads to...

Tech Advancement

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI): making goods imported at home

Value of Labor: add value to goods produced

Rise of Industrial Complexes: manufacturing plants, rail lines, shipping

Import Substitution Industrialization & Industrial Growth Requirements

List 3

Metals: machines

Food Stuffs: coffee, tea, sugar (changing desires)

Textile Fibers

Effects of 1800s Growth/Expansion

List 5

Influx of Non-Native Species: food

Introduction of Invasive Species

Expanded Food Trade

Expansion/Replacement of Subsistence Affluence: change of trade

Displacement of Traditional Culture: modernization of values, goods, sercives changed

Population Changes

1800 and 1900

People and Cities

1800: 950 million people, 4 heavily populated areas

1900: 1.6 billion people, 8 heavily populated areas

Population Growth 1800-1900

List 4

Global Disease Trends: people no longer moving regularly

Solutions to Nutritional Issues

Food dosen't Run Out: Maltus wrong

Famine: devastating, but caused by government usually

19th C Land Changes

List 5

Deforestation: clears land for other use

Wetland Reclamation: building dikes & levies to bring land above water

N. American Praries: open to settlement

S. American Pampas: open to settlement

Australia & New Zealand: open to settlement

Needed to offset Food changes in 19th C

List 4

Land: deforestation, wetland reclamation

Fertilization: crop rotation, manue usage, recognition of phosphates

New Crops: types, hybridization

Technology: steel farming, refrigeration, mills/graineries, canning, mass production

2 Reasons for Industrialization

19th and early 20th C

Militarization

Energy

Militarization in 19th-20th C

List 2

Large Standing Militaries: empires, mobility, technology

Logistics: feed troops=mobile food, productivity innovations

Fuel Energy in 19th-20th C

3 Facts

Cut down on Human Labor: steam used to do work/exceed human ability

Coal & Oil Usage: allow other sources to regenerate

Coal: primary fuel of Industrial Revolution and of today

Labor: becomes more available

Demand: desire for more material goods

Money Supply: investment and exchange, wealthier society

Romanticism: desire to do something leads to drive to do that thing, bend creation to our will

Moralist Condemtnations

of Industrial Revolution

Soulless Worker: long, hard hours of mindless work

Disease-breeding Environment: waste products, close quarters

Urbanization: crime, new problems and issues

Captains of Industry: morally not the greatest people

3 of the Best Benefits to

the Industrial Revolution

Railroad: transport goods, services, and people

Steamships: world linked in commerce, cut shipping time in just 20 years from 6/7 weeks to 10 days

Electricity: energy transference, new communication (telegraph), light, gears spin

Industrializing Europe

19th/20th C

List 4

Steam Driven

Population Driven: urbanization

Capacity Concentrated: transport/production sites, railways

Multinational: bring in raw material/manufacturing goods, multiple locations and types of industry

Industrializing the Americas

end 1700s-beginning 1800s

List 3

Surprising: US late-comer in Indust. Rev., not may urban centers, limited workforce

Driving Forces: high waves of immigration (experienced workers), no tax on exports but tax on imports

Productivity: by 1890 US factories produce 50% more product than all Europe

Canadian Industrialization

19th-20th C

List 3

Population: less than US

Climate Issues: cold/frozen climate not good for metals

British Empire: needed resources not factories

Latin American Industrialization

19th-20th C

Industrial Whimper: natural resource wealth

Primary Product Producer: extract resources & ship somewhere else, lack of infastructure, class conflict, sparce populations

ISI: labor force unskilled/untrained

Textiles: clothing, furniture (low skill required)

Energy Production: extract & refine

Mineral Refinement: metals extracted (gold, silver)

1853 Opening of Japan: allow trade with other countries after threat of invasion

Japanese Model: IIM (Infant Industry Model), Phase 1--develop infastructure, Phase 2: industries

1900 Success: top 10 industrial power, able to compete in international market