Term
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Definition
a. Organism
b. Organ systems
c. Organs
d. Tissues
e. Cells
f. Organelles
g. Molecules
h. Atoms |
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Definition
| Maintain internal conditions despite external conditions |
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Definition
| Body senses a change and activated mechanisms to reverse is |
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Definition
| Approaches control center |
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Definition
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Definition
| leading to the control center |
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Definition
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Definition
| Carry signals away from control center |
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Definition
| cell(s) or organ(s) that respond to carry out corrective action |
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Definition
| A range of tolerable internal conditions, always variable and dynamic throughout day |
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Definition
| Detects stretch, tissue damage, blood chemicals, body temperature, and other stimuli |
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Definition
| For emergencies, body needs to amplify deviations from the set point. Example: Cuts and Labor |
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Definition
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Definition
| Away from the head, below |
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Definition
| Ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
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Definition
| Closer to origin of limb or trunk |
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Definition
| Farther from the origin or trunk |
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Definition
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Definition
| Away from the body surface, more internal |
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Definition
| Divide into superior and inferior |
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Definition
Divide into right and left
Parasagittal: Away rom midline
Midsagittal: exactly along midline |
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Definition
| Divide into anterior and posterior |
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Definition
| Cuts made diagonally between sagittal and transverse planes |
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Definition
| Directing x-rays to generate a "negative" |
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Definition
| Spinning tube allows "slices" of body to be visualized; cross sections |
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Term
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Definition
2nd oldest and 2nd used
Sound waves to echo back from organs |
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Term
| Position Emission Tomography (PET) |
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Definition
| Observation of metabolic processes, radio-labeled biologival molecules injected to visualize performance and activity of organ systems |
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Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| Can provide visuals of soft tissue, relies on energy released from water that spin in the magnetic field |
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Term
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
| Tracks blood flow in brain in real-time; ascertain brain activity in response to various stimuli |
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Definition
| Anything that occupies space and has mass |
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Definition
| Movement of particles or objects ("active energy") |
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Definition
| Stored energy (has the potential to do work) |
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Term
| Law of Conservation of Energy |
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Definition
| Total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant, energy can neither be created nor destroyed |
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Definition
| Substance that can not be broken down into simpler substances |
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Term
| 6 main elements in the body |
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Definition
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Calcium
Phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest individual unit of matter, loses its unique characteristics when broken down |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of Protons in nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Sum of Protons and Neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural variants of the same element; different number of neutrons and thus, a different atomic mass |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 or more different elements combine |
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Term
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Definition
| All atoms are electrically neutral because the number of protons is exactly balanced by the number of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Atomic decay ????????????? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Non reactive element, full valence shell |
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Definition
| Complete Transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrons are shared equally and each atom fills its outer electron shell |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Unequal sharing of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Strongly attract electrons (usually have a "close to full" valence shell) gives partial negative and partial positive charges |
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Definition
| Weak Attractions between the "poles" of water molecules, stabilize biological molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Typically those molecules that do not contain carbon; salts acids, bases, water |
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Definition
| Those molecules that contain carbon and are covalently bonded; proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| All are electrolytes: ionize and dissociate in water and can conduct electrical current; Proton Donors |
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Term
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Definition
| All are electrolytes: ionize and dissociate in water and can conduct electrical current; Proton acceptors |
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Term
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Definition
Release H+ when pH begins to rise
Bind H+ when pH begins to fall |
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Term
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Definition
Higher H+, More acidic; 0-7
Higher OH-, More basic;7-14
Neutral is 7 |
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Term
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Definition
| Bond formation, anabolic: A+B=AB |
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Term
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Definition
| Bond breakage, catabolic: AB= A+B |
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Term
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Definition
| Both breakage and formation: AB+C+ AC+B |
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Term
| Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions |
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Definition
Drive catabolism of foods for energy
Basis for reaction is Electron Exchange |
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Term
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Definition
Electron donors lose electrons
1. Lose a hydrogen atom
2. Combine with oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Electron acceptors gain electrons |
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Term
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Definition
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Monosaccharides as the building blocks |
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Term
| Carbohydrates: Disaccharides |
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Definition
Made by joining monosaccharides
Must be digested (broken into monosaccharides) to be utilized by the body |
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Term
| Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides |
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Definition
Long strings of monosaccharides
Glycogen: Only polysaccharide in human tissues
-produced by liver, stores energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (can contain phosphorus) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fats (solids) or Oils (liquid) |
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Term
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Definition
| Single bond only, straight chain, solid |
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Term
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Definition
| One or more double bonds, kinked chain, liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural foundation of cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| Partially hydrogenated fats that are less vulnerable to becoming rancid than the original oils |
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Term
| Why trans fats are bad... |
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Definition
| They resist enzymatic breakdown in the human body, remain in circulation longer, deposits in the arteries, raises risk of heart disease |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 interlocking carbon rings |
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Term
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Definition
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Primary structural material of the body |
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Term
| Proteins: building blocks |
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Definition
Amino acids (20 types)
2 functional groups: amine and organic acid
R -group distinguishes the AA's |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that function as biological catalysts |
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Term
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Definition
| Lowers activation energy, permits reactions to occur more rapidly |
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Term
| Nucleic Acids: Building Blocks |
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Definition
Neucleotides:
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil |
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Term
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Definition
Inside nucleus
Replicated for cell division
"Instructions" for protein synthesis
AGCT
Deoxyribose (pentose sugar) |
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Term
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Definition
Outside nucleus
Translates DNA to prep for protein synthesis
AGCU
Ribose (pentose sugar) |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers
Double layered sheath enveloping the cell |
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Term
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Definition
Most span entire phospholipid membrane
All must have Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic domains |
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Term
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Definition
Associate loosely with integral proteins of the membrane itself
Important for maintenance of the cytoplasm
Some are enzymes
Others Participate in cell growth and plasticity (in cell devision) |
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Term
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Definition
Sugar- coating of the cell
Enriched by glycolipids and glycoproteins
Diverse patterns of sugar distribution facilitate cell recognition |
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Term
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Definition
Finger-like projections from cell surface
increase surface area of plasm membrane
DO NOT move substrates
Associated with absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| Hairlike processes 10- 10 mm long |
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Term
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Definition
| Junction is impermeable o passage of molecules between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Anchor cells together preventing separation (bolt and wingnut connection between cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized for communication between cells |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrophobic core impedes transport of ions and polar molecules
Large molecules (glucose) cannot pass |
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Term
| 1st way to cross biological membranes |
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Definition
Passive Mechanisms
-simple diffusion
-osmosis
-facilitated diffusion
-no energy required |
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Term
| 2nd way to cross biological membranes |
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Definition
Active Mechanisms
-Active Transport
-Vesicular Transport
-Consumers ATP (NEEDS ENERGY) |
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Term
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Definition
Substance diffuses from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated
-spontaneous process |
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Term
| Simple Diffusion: Factors affecting diffusion rate |
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Definition
Temp ^, motion ^
^ molecular weight, Slower
Steepness of concentration gradient ^ difference, ^rate
^ Membrane Surface area, ^ Rate
^ Membrane permeability, ^ Rate |
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Term
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Definition
| Flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other |
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Term
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Definition
| Solution with a higher concentration of solutes |
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Term
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Definition
| Solution with a lower concentration of solutes |
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Term
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Definition
| Solutions of equal solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
Movement of materials across the membrane that requires ATP
Requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with a substance and can transport materials AGAINST a concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| Drives sodium out of cell and potassium into the cell, against their concentration gradients |
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Term
| Secondary Active Transport |
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Definition
Moving more than one substance at a time
(depends only indirectly on ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| substances moved in the same direction |
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Term
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Definition
| Vesicular processes that bring material into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Discharging material from the cell |
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Term
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Definition
Cellular material between the plasma membrane and nucleus
Composed of Cytosol and Organelles |
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Term
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Definition
Network of rods (proteins) located in cytosol
Support system for cellular structures
Provides means for cell movement |
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Term
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Definition
Thinnest cytoskeletal elements
Composed of strands of actin
Cell mobility and shape |
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Term
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Definition
Most stable of the 3 cytoskeletal elements
High tensile strength
Associate with desmosomes to resist tension |
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Term
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Definition
Largest diameter; made of tubulin subunits
Radiate from centrosome (cell center)
Determine cell shape
Docking station for organelles
Organelles moved by motor proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Control Center
Contains genetic material
Dictates which kinds of proteins are synthesized by the cell
Largest cytoplasmic organelle (5 mm)
3 regions: nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
Double membrane
Outer membrane continuous with ER & processes ribosomes
Inner membrane liked with nuclear lamina
Nuclear Pores
Nucleoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| participate in movement of large particles through active transport |
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Term
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Definition
| is the inner fluis of the nucleus containing salts and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
Spherical bodies within nucleus
Not membrane-bound
Associated with ribosome assembly |
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Term
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Definition
| 30% DNA, 60% Histone protein, 10% RNA |
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Term
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Definition
Pack DNA in orderly compact fashion
Regulate gene expression patterns |
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Term
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Definition
Condensed form of chromatin
Form in preparation for cell division |
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Term
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Definition
Protein and ribosomal RNA
2 subunits
Protein Synthesis |
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Term
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
Network of interconnected tubes
Cisternae= fluid0filled cavities of ER
Closely associated with nuclear membrane |
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Term
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Definition
Studded with ribosomes
associated ribosomes synthesize proteins
makes integral proteins and phospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
metabolizes lipids, synthesizes cholesterol
Synthesize steroid hormones
fat transport and absorption
detox of harmful substances
catabolism of glycogen to form glucose |
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Term
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Definition
Directs cellular "traffic"
Modifies and packages proteins/lipids |
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Term
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Definition
Membranous organelles containing digestive enzymes
Digest biological molecules |
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Term
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Definition
sER + rER + Golgi + Lysosomes + Nuclear membrane
Produce, store, and export biological molecules
Degrade potentially harmful substances |
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Term
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Definition
Anchoring point for microtubules
Contains paired organelles (centrioles) oriented at 90 degrees
Centrosome-centrioles generate microtubules and are critically involved in cell division |
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Term
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Definition
DNA and other nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
One sugar- Deoxyribose
One Phosphate group
One Nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
Double ring
Adenine
Guanine |
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Term
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Definition
Single ring
Cytosine
Thymine
(Uracil only in RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
Molecular shape: double helix
Backbone: phosphate groups alternating with the sugar deoxyribose
Step-like connections are pairs of nitrogen bases |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Law of Complementary base pairing |
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Definition
| One strand determines base sequence of other |
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Term
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Definition
| Clusters of 8 histone proteins that are connected by DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Each chromosomes consists of two parallel filaments of identical DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| An information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA that plays a role in synthesizing one or more proteins |
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Term
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Definition
all the DNA of one person
One 23 chromosome set |
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Term
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Definition
| A system that enables the four nucleotides (ATCG) to code for the amino acid sequence of all proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of three DNA nucleotides that stand for one amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
The 3 base sequence in mRNA
64 possible codons |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA Sequence dictates protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
translator between DNA and protein
tRNA: Transfer RNA
rRNA: Ribosomal RNA
mRNA: Messenger RNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| DNA forms complementary RNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
Shuttle mRNA out of nucleus into cytoplasm
Binds to ribosome small subunit
tRNA joins to mRNA and ribosome and build polypeptide
Small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA and the 1st AA (methionine)
Large ribosomal subunit attaches to this complex
Assembled ribosome begins sliding along mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
Polypeptide is synthesized in a stepwise manner
Peptide bond is formed between amino acids
Continues until STOP codon is reached |
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Term
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Definition
Polypeptide is hydrolyzed from tRNA and released
Ribosome separates into subunits |
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Term
| Overview of Protein synthesis |
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Definition
DNA double helix
7 base triplets on the templet strand of DNA
Corresponding codons of mRNA transcribed from the DNA triplets
Anticodons of tRNA bind to mRNA codons
AA's carried by 6 tRNA molecules
AA's linked into a peptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
| Turning genes on and off when needed |
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Term
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Definition
Prolactin
Stimulates cells of mammary glands to begin synthesizing components of breast milk |
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Term
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Definition
| growth and normal cellular activity; prep for cell division |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
G1: rapid growth, high metabolic activity, variable lengths
Synthetic: DNA replicated, new histones made->chromatin
G2: last prep for cell division |
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Term
| DNA replication during S phase |
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Definition
Helicase enzymes start unwinding double stranded DNA
Replication bubble
Replication fork
Replisome, RNA Primer, DNA Polymerase, DNA Ligasees |
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Term
| DNA Replication: Replisome |
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Definition
| combination of proteins that serve as the machinery for DNA replication |
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Term
| DNA Replication: RNA Primer |
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Definition
| Docking station for DNA Polymerase III |
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Term
| DNA Replication: DNA Polymerase III |
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Definition
| Adds complementary nucleotides strand and links them with hydrogen bonds |
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Term
| DNA Replication: DNA Polymerase ! |
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Definition
| Replaces RNA primer with DNA nucleotides |
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Term
| DNA Replication: DNA Ligases |
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Definition
| "patch" the lagging strand |
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Term
| DNA Replication: Histones |
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Definition
| Histones associate with new NDA to form chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the nuclear envelope breaks down and a spindle forms between to centrioles |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes align along the equator of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatids (duplicated chromosomes) are seperated |
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Term
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Definition
| two cells begin to pull apart, a cleave is formed, a cell wall is built in between the two cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Chart of 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size and other physical features |
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Term
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Definition
| 23 pairs, the two members of each pair |
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Term
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Definition
| 22 pairs, look alike and cary the same gene |
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Term
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Definition
X and Y, 1 pair
Male: One X one much smaller Y
Female: Homologous pair of X |
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Term
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Definition
And cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes
Somatic Cells |
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Term
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Definition
Contain half as many chromosomes as somatic cells
Germ Cells
Sperm and Egg Cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Different forms of gene at some locus on two homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
Capital Letter
Corresponding trait is detectable in individual
Masks effect of recessive allele |
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Term
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Definition
Lower case letter
Expressed only when present on both homologous chromosomes
No dominant alleles on that locus |
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Term
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Definition
| The alleles that an individual possesses for that particular trait |
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Term
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Definition
| two identical alleles for a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| Different alleles for that gene |
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Term
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Definition
An observable trait
And allele is expressed if it shows in the phenotype of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
Sheets of cells that cover body surface, envelops organs, and line body cavities
Forms critical boundaries between different environments |
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Term
| Epithelial Tissue: Main functions |
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Definition
| Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory receptors |
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Term
| Epithelial Tissue: Characteristics |
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Definition
Polarity: both basal and apical surfaces
Specialized Contacts: cells fit closely together
Supported by connective tissue
Avascular
Innervated
Regeneration |
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Term
| Epithelial Tissue: Avascular |
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Definition
| Contains no blood vessels |
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Term
| Epithelial Tissue: Innervated |
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Definition
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Term
| Epithelial Tissue: Regeneration |
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Definition
| Capability of cell division |
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Term
| Epithelial Tissue: Classification |
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Definition
1st word: # of cell layers (simple, stratified)
2nd word: cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) |
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Term
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Definition
Description: Single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped central nuclei
Function: Passage of materials by diffusion and filtrations
Location: Kidney, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, ventral body cavity |
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Term
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Definition
Description: Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
Function: Secretion and absorption
Location: Kidney Tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface |
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Term
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Definition
Description: Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some bear cilia, may contain goblet cells
Function: Absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus
Location: Non-ciliated: lines most of digestive tact, gallbladder, excretory glands
Ciliated: lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus |
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Term
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Definition
Secrete lubricating mucus
Rare unicellular exocrine gland
Produce a glycoprotein that, when dissolved in water, makes a slippery substance |
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Term
| Pseudo-stratified Columnar |
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Definition
Pseudo=false
Description: Single layer of cells of differing heights
Function: Secretion, particularly of mucus, propulsion of mucus by cilia
Location: Males sperm-carrying ducts, trachea |
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Term
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Definition
Description: Thick membrane composed of several cell layers
Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
Location: Non-keratinized: moist linings, esophagus, mouth, vagina
Keratinized: epidermis of the skin, dry membrane |
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Term
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium |
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Definition
Rare: Exists in ducts of sweat and mammary glands
2 layers of cuboidal cells |
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Term
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium |
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Definition
Rare: Exists in pharynx, male urethra, glandular duct linings
Often serves as a connection between 2 other types of epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
Description: Resembles both stratifies squamous and stratified cuboidal
Function: Stretched rapidly and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
Location: Ureters, bladder, urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body |
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Term
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Definition
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Osseous tissue (bone)
Blood |
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Term
| Connective Tissue: Functions |
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Definition
Binding and support
Protection
Movement
Heat production and insulation
Storage
Transport of substances |
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Term
| Connective Tissue: Extracellular Matrix |
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Definition
| Ground substance + Fibers |
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Term
| Connective Tissue: Ground Substance |
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Definition
Fills space between cells and contains fibers
Intersitial fluis
Cell adhesion proteins
Proteoglycans (proteins with GAC's) |
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Term
| Connective Tissue: Fibers |
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Definition
Support system
Collagen: Strongest, protein
Elastic Fibers: long thin and branching, protein=elastin
Reticular Fibers: short, fine, and collagenous |
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Term
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Definition
Undifferentiated cells are called "blasts"
Once matrix is sectreted cells become "cytes" |
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Term
| Connective Tissue: Blasts |
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Definition
Actively mitotic
Secrete ground substance and fibers for extracellular matrix
Fibroblasts (connective tissue proper)
Chondroblasts (cartilage)
Osteoblasts (bone)
Hematopoietic stem cell (blood) |
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Term
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Definition
Not actively mitotic
No longer secrete ground substances or fibers
Fibrocytes (connective tissue proper)
Chondrocytes (cartilage)
Osteocytess (bone)
Erythrocytes; Leukocytes (blood) |
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Term
| Connective tissue may differ in.. |
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Definition
Cell type
Fiber type
Amounts of Fiber |
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Term
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Definition
Can withstand both tension and compression
Very tough but flexible
Lacks innervation
Lacks Vascularization
Fluid enables it to recover quickly |
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Term
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Definition
Support and protect body structures
Hard calcified matix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes may lie in lacunae, very well vascularized |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops from mesenchyme and is surrounded by matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary tissue of central and peripheral nervous systems |
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Term
| Nervous Tissue: Cell Types |
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Definition
Neurons: generate and transmit electrical impulses
Neuroglia: Assists in nervous impulse condition and provide nourishment |
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Term
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Definition
Dendrites: receive stimuli
Axons: send electrical impulses |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of many cells and is very well vascularized
Responsible for movement
Composed of Microfilaments |
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Term
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Definition
Long, striated
Voluntary movement, facial expressions
Location: Skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin |
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Term
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Definition
Involuntary
Only in wall of heart
Striated, branching
Cels connected by Intercalated discs |
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Term
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Definition
Involuntary
No striations, single nucleus
Exists in walls of hollow organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes one or more cells that secrete a product |
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Term
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Definition
| Internally secreting (ductless) |
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Term
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Definition
| Externally secreting (possess ducts) |
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Term
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Definition
Secrete products via exocytosis
Pancreas, sweat, salivary glands |
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Term
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Definition
Accumulates products until cells rupture
Sebaceous glands |
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Term
| Cutaneous Membrane (skin) |
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Definition
| Complex organ system, dry membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Wet membranes
Lines closed body cavities |
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Term
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Definition
| Replacement of damaged tissue with the same tissue type |
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Term
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Definition
| Replacement of damaged tissue with fibrous connective tissues (scars) |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation
Blood Supply restored
Surface epithelium starts regenerating (under scab) |
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