Term
| Sui Dynasty Projects (500-618 C.E.) |
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Definition
- 200+ miles to Great Wall
- Grand Canal (Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, unite N and S China)
- Grain Warehouses
- Road systems
- Rebuilt capital city, Chang-an |
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Term
| Taizong/Tang Dynasty (618-900) |
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Definition
- Took over in 618 C.E.
- Killed brothers
- System of institutional govt
- System of multi-channel information
- System of objective law
- System of centralized land distribution & tax collection
- Established huge military system (Tang horse motif, crossbow, armored suit)
- Porcelain
- Toleration of other religions (Nestorians, Manichaeans, and Zoroastrians)(Saw Jesus as a Persian Buddhist monk, had its own "sutras")
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Term
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Definition
- earliest Chinese law code that is still used today
- Depends on hierarchical relationships
- Logical system of laws based on principles
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Term
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Definition
- first woman emperor
- Claimed title as her own
- Killed family for power
- Examination system changed under her
- Combined Buddhism and Confucianism
- Her reign = apex of Buddhist influence in govt
- world's 1st ever book on historiography: Generalities on History by Liu Chih-chi(710)advocates accuracy and objectivity |
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Term
| Effects of Examination System during Tang Dynasty |
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Definition
- Importance of poetry and history - southern values vs northern (ongoing tensions between new scholars and old military nobility)
- Widened access to education throughout china
- Study --> wide reading audience and book market; thus...
- A golden age of classical Chinese literary production (>2000 Tang poets)
- Broader class of involvement in gov. (but not the poor) -- Aristocrats horrified by all the "unsuitable" men in govt.
- Increased social mobility
- A highly professional bureaucracy |
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Term
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Definition
- Concubine of Emperor Xuanzong during Tang Dynasty
- Emperor employed her family in gov't positions
- Causes An-Lushan Rebellion |
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Term
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Definition
- Incredibly loyal to Li Lin-fu
- Li gives position in govt to An Lushan
- Scholars want the position to be given to a scholarly official
- Yang Guifei's cousin gets it. Errbody pissed
- An-Lushan's FOREIGN troops capture important cities and kill Yang
- Emperor forced to flee
- Separates Early and Late Tang Dynasty
- Went from enthusiasm of foreignness to xenophobia
- Women blamed because of their strong influence
- Buddhism (women had power + foreign) |
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Term
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Definition
- An-Lushan: Sogdian-Turk
- Loss of NW territory to Uighurs and Tibetans
- Army defeated by Muslims in C. Asia (751)
- General who lost to the Muslims was KOREAN
- Korea and SE Asia declare independence
- Losses ---> Fear and resentment of foreign ideas ---> culture turns inward ---> econ loss
- Econ loss: loss of trade routes, foreign merchants flee, constant expensive warfare, massacre of foreign merchants
- 845: Ban of all foreign religions
- Buddhist monks have to pass their exams or else they're shipped to war
- "Protect Chinese manners"
- Closed monasteries, took Buddhist property, secularize monks and nuns |
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Term
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Definition
- hated Buddhism
- Like Julian from Rome
- "foreign barbarian religion"
- Before it came, everything was great;
- Since it took over, China has had a series of disasters (short-lived rulers, short dynasties, rebellions).
- Monks: unproductive drain
- Buddhist institutions = rich and tax-free, while the country needs money.
- Buddhist monks won’t fight, while China is losing territory.
- Buddhist monks’ prayers and virtue are not helping China.
- Buddhists say that serving the emperor = an evil, harmful life. They are hostile to the state. |
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Term
| Song Dynasty (11th-12th Century) |
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Definition
- Song Taizu
- Strong belief in wealth, education, science, and technology
- Moved to South
- Ends with Mongol invasion in 1200s |
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Term
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Definition
- Emphasis on social, political world
- Emphasis on material, physical world -- not transcendence
- Rational laws govern both physical nature & human nature, both natural science & political science
- Education = moral/ political AND scientific/ technological
- Buddhism = de-emphasized-- not because it’s foreign, but because it seeks to escape world > improve world. |
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Term
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Definition
- Paper money (iou Arabs)
- Block Print (books)
- Explosives
- Tanks
- Gun powder
- Keel and pivoting sail
- Public health techniques (waste mgmt, pest control)
- Precise measurements of time and space
- Mass production of armor and weapons
- Flamethrower
- Use of iron for bridges and unburnable small buildings |
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Term
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Definition
- Tang: lots of power
- We must control this
- Form of restraint: foot-binding
- Reassertion of Confucian hierarchical relationships
- Traveling merchant wants wife managing his business or property while he’s away, not her own business or property.
- Empress Wu: scapegoat
- Women lost property rights
- Glorification of a "restraint" woman
- "Progress" isn't always progress for women |
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Term
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Definition
- holy capital for Islam
- contains the Kaba and the Zamzam
- Inhabitants felt threatened when Muhammad started preachin to zee choir about dees awesome religion AKA Islam, so the Meccans plotted to kill him (622) |
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Term
| Similarities between Islam, Christianity, and Judaism |
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Definition
- Star shone in Christianity and Islam
- Baby can't be nursed : Manger story
- Muhammad founder : Moses founder
- believe in resurrection of the dead & Judgment Day
- believe in heaven and hell |
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Term
| Differences between Islam, Christianity, and Jadaism |
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Definition
- No worship of idols in Islam
- Biography of Muhammad is NOT a sacred text
- Muhammad's death is not important
- No worship of images of Muhammad
- Words TO Muhammad, not of him
- Clear distinction between God's and people's words |
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Term
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Definition
1. Pray 5x/day
2. Giving alms
3. Ramadan
4. Shashada "bearing witness" make a testimony that you believe in Allah and Muhammad is the messenger
5. Pilgrimage to Mecca ("hajj") |
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Term
| Similarities between Judaism and Islam |
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Definition
- not ascetic: marriage > celibacy; making money = ok
- More for the average person who wants to lead a moral life.
- No whipping or burning yourself, unlike Christianity
- Virginity/celibacy isn't necessarily bad or good. Christianity teaches this principle
- require works (practices, actions) as well as faith
- prohibit images -- especially of God or potential objects of worship (considered horrific to Islam and Judaism)
- Criticizes Christianity for making Jesus into a worshiped figure. Emphasis on Muhammad being a normal bro.
- support scientific inquiry
- Unlike St. Augustine
- Christians are forbidden from studying anatomy and other stuff. If I want a doctor, HE BETTER BE A JEWWWWWWW
- Not a new religion; more like a renewed admonition |
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Term
| Similarities between Christianity and Islam |
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Definition
believe in resurrection of the dead & Judgment Day
believe in heaven and hell |
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Term
| Conversion from Christianity to Islam |
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Definition
Yes if
he/she is a monophysite (no God 3 in 1; Jesus is not divine)
No if
he/she is an Orthodox Greek or Roman Catholic |
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Term
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Definition
- connects fellow Muslims together, across clans, tribes, nations,
- tries to reconstruct society
- You are now a member of the Islam-defined clan and replaces the household clan |
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Term
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Definition
- More rights
- Respected
- Yet still subject to punishment from husband
- No forced prostitution for slave girls
- Only inherits half of what brother inherited
- Women to man ratio - 2:1
- Must be accompanied by witnesses |
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Term
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Definition
1. Free will or fatalism?
2. How to relate to non=Muslims
3. Read Quran literally or metaphorically? |
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Term
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Definition
- Majority
- Ulama: learned judges
- Leader selected by council, not from family tree
- "Traditional way"
- Leader has secular authority
- God vests authority to the faithful community |
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Term
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Definition
- "Party of Ali"
- Imams: clergy
- Leader chosen by birth, not by vote
- God vests authority on a special individual
- Leader has more spiritual authority
- More meaning behind the Quran, Imams are the only ones who can interpret it |
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Term
| 4 righteous caliphs (632-661) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- 5th caliph after assassination of Ali
- declared Ali's rule illegitimate
- Wasn't elected or descendant, just powerful |
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Term
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Definition
Based off of...
- Koran
- Hadith
- Consensus
- Extension by analogy |
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Term
| Arab's Rise to Power : HOW?! |
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Definition
1. Wars of Byzantium vs. Persia exhausted both of them
2. “heretical” Christians in Syria and N. Africa welcomed in the Arabs as liberators from the “orthodox” emperor (more like historians, against orthodoxy) |
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Term
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Definition
- Looked out for People of the Book
- w/o full legal rights
- paid higher taxes
- acknowledge Islam govt but managed own internal affairs |
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Term
| Abbasid Dynasty (750-1250) |
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Definition
- Cousin branch of Muhammad family
- Supported by Shiite
- Adopted Persian institutional govt
- emphasized Islamic > Arab identity
- "Defenders of the weak"
- Lots of Persian influence on culture (vocab, wine, tech, architecture)
- Golden Age (relative peace, cosmopolitan, stronger central govt, dominant culture is now cosmo society, more tolerant of others, dinaro shared currency, infrastructure, shared Arabic language, tech transfer throughout)
- Persians: late-comer Muslims
- Arabs: poor and ignorant |
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Term
| Arabs in Hellenistic Persia |
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Definition
- Greek logic, philosophy, science
- Paper and ink (China)
- Base-10 numbers in math (India)
- Schools and libraries
- Hospitals offered world's best medical knowledge
- Wealthy (seen in architecture) |
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Term
| Commercial innovations during Abbasid Dynasty |
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Definition
- Banking system with personal checks (no profit off of someone else's need, why Jews are the cheap bankers)
- Joint stock ventures (diversification, shared risk)
- Commercial law (Quran pro-written contracts) |
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Term
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Definition
- intercultural exchange
- values and concerns of society
- Indian: "Sindbad" Sanskrit for "inhabitants of the Indus region", and evidence of elephants (only from India)
- Greek material: akin to Odyssey (Xerxes, Cyclops) |
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Term
| Popularity of Travel Lore |
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Definition
- Scientific interest in flora and fauna, geography.
- Useful info for travelers
- Pious admiration to God's creation! |
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Term
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Definition
- rational theology
- might help solve contradictions in their religion
- Quran isn't always literal, you need theologians to interpret it
- Theologians didn't have to read the Quran, the ignorant townspeople had to
- Quran REQUIRES to use your brain/rational thought
- What is the relationship between faith /revelation:reason /understanding?
- Do you need the Quran only if you aren't smart enough to be a philosopher?
- Quran: not a logical source of thought, no counterargument. |
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Term
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Definition
- 10th century rationalist
- Quran needs interpretation
- Philosophers look for the truth, ordinary people just look and believe |
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Term
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Definition
- Deeply influenced by Plato, Aristotle, and al-Farabi
- Famous for creating a rationally unified Islam theology, but criticized for corrupting Islam with foreign/Greek ideas.
- Ideas of form and matter (Greek)
- Changes in universe means God changes
- Individual doesn't have eternal life, yet they do? |
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Term
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Definition
- 1100
- "The Incoherence of Philosophers"
- Began as teaching of kalam, but began doubting the efficacy of reason in achieving religious certainty
- Certainty is found through divinely inspired intuition and a mystical experience (Sufi)
- Executed for blasphemy (I who is He and He who is me)
- Truth doesn't come from argumentation, it comes from divine experiences |
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Term
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Definition
- 12th century Islamic Spain
- "Incoherence of the Incoherence"
- Rebuts al-Ghazali
- Defender of reason
- Ignored in Islam world, but celebrated by Christian Europeans
- His commentaries about Aristotle introduced Greek logic to Christian Europe
- Reason and Revelation have to be compatible because both are from God |
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Term
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Definition
- Sufi
- Mystics from other religions are more alike than those who follow different religions
- Not seen as "Good Muslims"
- Caught up in worship so they don't do the standard rituals
- Very open-minded |
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Term
| Why was Medieval Europe called "The Dark Ages"? |
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Definition
- Central govt in Rome collapsed, only capital in Europe was Constantinople
- Barbarians moved in and settled
- No central govt, people had no govt and sustained themselves
- Complete political fragmentation, no local govt, land owners controlled the land they owned
- Raids happened frequently
- Tribal invasions + Emperors’ move to Constantinople ---> political fragmentation of Europe
- Lack of security (constant warfare) + lack of mobility (serfdom) + shortage of currency ---> ruin of commerce; local subsistence
- Lack of education; illiteracy; loss of knowledge
- Expansion of Islamic empire cuts off Mediterranean trade; goods ---> unavailable
- Early 700s: Arabs take over the majority of Eastern World, controls Mediterranean - no one wants to sail through there (challenge)
- - Technologies don't get spread around, people don't read (Roman engineering lost), loss of knowledge, forgotten medical science and geographies of ancient world |
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Term
| Shortages in Medieval Europe |
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Definition
- Spices
- Gold and silver
- Lamp oil
- Papyrus
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Term
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Definition
- Those who prayed (clergy)
- Those who fought (soldiers and nobles)
- Those who worked (peasants)
No middle class, social mobility, or urban life |
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Term
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Definition
- Personal, not institutional, rule
- Loyalty to the person rather than the state
- Personal loyalty to a person whom you have given allegiance to
- Treason: not to state, but to the individual whom you are loyal to |
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Term
| Medieval Europe interpretation of Christianity |
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Definition
- God is the "lord" we serve by ritual practice and fighting
- Fighting = service to God
- God will reward with promise of paradise
- Victory = Christianity is right
- Defeat = Christianity is wrong
- C 1100: Crusades - start losing, but beat the Muslims
- Shift from loyalties to an individual to God
- Franks are hired by the pope to protect churches (750) |
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Term
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Definition
- "Charles the Great"
- Crowned by Pope as Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas 800
- Not into religious wars, just wants booty
- Had no problem fighting with Muslims against Christians and vice versa
- Liked music, so he made musical notation popular
- Introduced the use of organs in church |
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Term
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Definition
- Run by Muslims
- Institutional govt.
- Written law & law courts
- Libraries & schools, paper
- Science & medicine
- Commerce & middle class
- Dhimmi(protected Jewish communities) |
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Term
| France, Germany, Britain, N. Italy |
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Definition
- Run by Christians
- Personal govt
- No lawcourts
- Illiteracy, books = rare & expensive
- No science or medicine
- No commerce, no middle class
- No relig. tolerance
(“crusades” vs Jews)
- Arab sees Franks as weird
- No medicine
- Caveman-like
- Sexually immodest |
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Term
| The "Investiture Controversy" |
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Definition
- Pope vs. King
- Who appoints bishops? Who pays for them?
- Who has superior authority?
- Settled later --- Pope appoints bishops, king sponsors them
- Bishops and local warlords are pissed (bishops lose independence, king controls more land and money which pissed off the local warlords)
- Church vs state
- Centralized vs decentralized |
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Term
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Definition
- 11th Century
- Came from Norse area, conquered Sicily and South Italy
- Adopted Arabic institutional govt and its bureaucrats
- Use of paper
- Cousins conquered England (differences in animal names)
- Established a court system with local juries and central-govt judges, written record of who owns what property (the Domesday Book), for central taxation, and a mercenary army under King’s direct command (paid for by vassals buying out obligation to provide troops) |
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Term
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Definition
- Tribal: laws of a people
- Roman: laws of a place
- Tribal: random collection of memories
- Roman: coherent system of arguable laws on basic principles |
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Term
| Why did anyone care about Roman Law? |
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Definition
- Larger territories need law across different local customs
- New institutional govts need written laws, enforced by centralized system of lawcourts
- Roman law grants govt power independent of the church
- Even the Church systematized canon law (Gratian -12th c.) to untangle contradictions |
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