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| = struggle-> could escalate to war struggle to be a good muslim don't harm people that are noncombatants |
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| polytheists: were not allowed to practice their religion |
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| weather changes caused people to move-> other nations/religions were too weak to defend themslves |
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a pulling away
arab tribes began to pull away from Islam after prophets death, but Abu Bakr brought them back |
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| transfer of power/ who will lead next: major problem for islam because the prophet didnt not specify who should take over after him |
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| the cousin and son-in-law of the prophet; second covert; after prophets death he was too young to lead the movement right away |
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| are proud to say that they suffered with the prophet in Mecca and then traveled with him out |
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| from Medina and took him and listened to what he had to say. They became his followers |
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| both groups-> they all struggled about who should decide who the next leader would be |
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| Abu Bakr chosen by Medinans as the kalifah. He was supported early on. Hid in a cave with the prophet while fleeing from Mecca. Is mentioned in the quran he names Umar as successor on his death bed |
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Umar is nabe by Abu Bakr as the second Kalifah-> request honored by community.
was originally a persecutor, but when he heard the verses he converted.
Umar was stabbed to death, but died slowly and appointed a committee to pick the next leader |
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Uthman is chosen by committee as next Kalifah. Son-in-law of the prophet twice.
Umayya tribe. Hashim his clan.
Made an official copy of the Quran
War broke out and he was killed in his own house by the son of Abu Bakr |
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| a form of the book-> everything except for the official copy was burned there were only seven variants |
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Ali is claimed as new leader by the army that killed Uthman.
Most ppl were supportive of this choice.
Had to deal with Muslims fighting Muslims.
decides to negotiate and is killed by his own followers in Najaf |
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Cousin of Uthman, govoner of Seria.
Did not want Ali to be Kalifah.
Becomes kalifah after death of Ali. |
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Umayyad Califs-> a hereditary descent of califs.
A more secular affair |
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| Husayn (son of Ali) killed by his own people after going to fight son of Muawiya to be Calif |
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party of Ali
kalifa must be a model of piety.
must be a descendent of Ali by Fatima-> blood of the prophet.
Mainly in Iran and Iraq.
bitter about Ali and his treatment.
Leader should be pious and curse the first three Kalifah.
Leader should be both government and religious leader. |
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went to fight Muawiya to become the next calif what was killed by his own people.
His brother was paid off to not fight Muawiya |
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the spiritual successor to the prophet.
spiritual descendent of Ali.
Ultimately allah choses the leaders. |
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| perserved and will come on the last day as the Mahdi (or guiding one) |
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85-90% of the worlds Muslims are Sunni.
look to how the prophet acted/customs.
Liked the first three kalifah.
Secular government is a necessary evil.
Division of labor->trying to get a good leader will cause more fighting. |
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Small armed camps that are heavily walled.
Where the fighters lived-> military elite.
no mingling with outsiders |
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Baladhuris.
Gives the chain of authority and how much of the spoils should go to whom and descicions were based on circumstance.
How to deal with People of the Book |
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Incoming govoner.
He will: be avalible to talk, pay pension on time, and never send farther than is necessary.
Religion should be first priority. |
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Under Umar a census was taken that made a system of who got money.
Non muslims were taxed but not forced to convert. |
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Umar II: said all muslims will be equal.
They do not have to pay a tax.
Everyone is treated as a member of the community.
Anyone can convert. |
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| Poitiers: a war in France where the Muslim armies retreated and it stayed christian |
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Abbasid Califs: new dynasty.
revolt against a Calif that took too many spoils for himself |
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New capital Baghdad: on Tigris river near old persian capital.
Muslim culture becomes dominant, but is influenced by persia |
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Law of Islam.
Shafii was the first author.
4 levels of Authority: the book, the modes, sunna, and ijtihad. |
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| how the prophet understood the Quran. book does not say how to pray, but people should follow how the prophet prayed |
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| how the prophet lived his life- customs and actions of the prophet. |
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| extra is fine but don't take short-cuts and think about why you are doing it, dont just got through the actions |
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| trying to apply human reasoning to the book and to Allah-> recognizes only three authorities: the book, sunna and modes are the same, and ijma |
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| consensus of the community-> don't use your own mind |
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| embodiment of allah-> verse refers to god sitting on a throne and having human features |
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| Han Emperor had a dream of a flying golden man from the West and want to figure out what it meant, so he sent people out west and they found Buddhism and brought it back to China. |
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Ge Hong: wrote an autobiography, but wrote it originally in the third person because Chinese authors didnt write about themselves.
Embraced sumplicity, was looked to for advice by his powerful relatives, mingled with commoners and a religious daoist. |
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| Loyang (capital in the North) was sacked by barbarian invasion-> sent shock waves through country |
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| Faxian went to India to learn more about Buddhism and its origins |
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= to throw back
In china there was the idea that it had always been unified and therefore they need to find someone to reunify it after the fall of the Han dynasty. |
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it is a religion with a Pantheon of Gods, monks, temples, and miracles.
-hsien: immortals-> anyone can become one.
Chemical potions to become immortal-> cinnabar made from mercury |
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| Sui: winning contenders to reunite china, barbarians, only father and son |
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| china was first unified during warring states under a father-son dynasty like Sui |
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| Tang Dynasty: huge sphere of influence, founder's son was the main influence |
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Taizong: middle son who took over after getting father to abdicate.
"the one man"
Good government |
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Idea of Taizong: respectfully disagree with authority-> it is your duty
Censor was supposed to bring to the attention of the emperor anything that was misguided policy |
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| Yi Jing went to India (the heartland of Buddhism) to learn more about it's orgins. Brought back writtings. Brought ideas about relics, stupas, sutras, and vinaya (rules for monks/nuns). |
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| Empress Wu: wife of the emperor, became Empress after killing off sons and other people in line for power |
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Zuanzong reign (life):high point of Tang dynasty.
brilliant emperor- expanded west.
largest capital on earth.
Promoted literature |
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An Lu-Shan: military govoner leads a revolt that had little affect after he is passed over for a promotion.
Govoners had standing armies to fight for them-> he had 3 in the north |
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| Was the concubime of the son of the emperor. The emperor took a liking to her and she was then responsible for bringing this emperor down. Her family was put into powerful positions-> she was strangled and blamed. (Song of Endless Sorrow) |
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| 1st Han emperor: worthy people were found to be brought to Emperor to be interviewed to find if they are worthy for prestigious government positions |
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| Documents, poetry, changes, rites, spring/autumn, analects: these had to be memorized to take a test, schooling started at age 8 |
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| Han Yu: confucian writer said that Buddhism was not chinese and the whole thing was thus barbarian-> told emperor not to let the finger bone into the capital. |
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| monks and nuns shave head and brand so that hair does not grow back |
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commercial messages (sutras) were found inside of Chinese caves.
Lay people paid to have these written for yourself or your family to get good karma |
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| great purge took Buddhism's institutional government out and it never fully recovered in China |
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| Japanese Monk who came to china to study buddhism there and to bring back other ideas-> had to leave because of great purge |
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| large vehicle Buddhism, more open, allowed for a church to form |
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small vehicle buddhism.
Arhat- monks who can do it all on their own, devote life to trying to be like the buddha, outside of society.
Theravada: wisdom of the ancestors |
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