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Definition
general scientific slow down
church cans scientif activities |
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Definition
| writes first neuroscience/anatomy text |
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| "gladiator surgeon, stressed importance of the brain" |
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Definition
Dualist
body and brain like a machine
body and mind are separate |
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Definition
| proposed that electricity was essential to the body |
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gall
character and criminality can be tested based on head shape |
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Definition
establised the psych lab
analytical introspection: reveals properties of the mind by careful examination of one's own experiences and mental processess |
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Definition
"german neurologist who identified anatomical brain areas
anatomical differences, not functional differences" |
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Term
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Definition
doctrine of specific nerve energy:
activation of nerve fibers in different sense modalities result in different sensations
activation of nerve fibers in same sense modality result in same sensation |
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Definition
| staining tissue to identify various anatomical and physiological brain structures |
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Definition
"description of the organization of the cortex into columns
spatial(cells detecing information), orientation, ocular dominance(info from the eyes)" |
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Term
| 3 claims for naïve realism |
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Definition
| 1- there is a one-to-one relationship between the physical world and mental world (must see it to believe it) 2- Physically different “things” must always be perceived as different 3- physically identical things must always be perceived as identical |
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Term
| counter-examples for naïve realism |
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Definition
| 1- the one to one relationship assumption is wrong: we don’t perceive everything that’s out there 2- Physically different things don’t always look different 3- Physically identical things don’t always look identical |
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Term
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Definition
| lights that are physically different that appear identical |
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| Metamerism works because… |
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Definition
| light undergoes a dramatic simplification at the initial encoding stage |
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Term
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Definition
| "Of all the physical energy that is present in our environment, very little can actually be encoded by our sensory systems" |
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Term
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Definition
| "rods, cone, intermediate light levels (rods and cones working together" |
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Term
| Photoreceptor density distribution |
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Definition
| "Fovea is area of greatest detail, dencity goes down and size goes up from fovea. No rods" |
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Term
| neural processing: convergence |
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Definition
| "Multiple cells are stimulated but go a single neuron, increases sensitivity" Density goes down and size goes up away from fovea |
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Term
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Definition
| how small you can see things |
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Term
| Spectral Sensitivity functions of the cones |
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Definition
| Cones respond to different wavelength |
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Definition
| Cones help at first but then they reach their max sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| sound with energy at a single frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| vibration transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing |
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Term
| sounds cannot travel without |
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Definition
| a medium: liquid, solid, gas |
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Definition
| sound with energy at multiple frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| change in frequency of a wave from an observer moving relative to the source |
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Term
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Definition
| You can take any complex sounds and approximates it with a series of pure tones |
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Term
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Definition
| outer ear, middle ear, inner ear |
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Term
| why are smell and taste chemical senses? |
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Definition
| Taste and smell are chemical senses because they require the contact between molecules (chemical compound) and a receptor. |
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Term
| What are chemical senses for? |
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Definition
| Warning system: gases, poisons; quality of life: Anosmia and Ageusia (inability to taste); |
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Term
| Frederic Brochet's experiments |
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Definition
| Coloring wine and experts couldn't tell the difference; Fancy bottle vs. cheap bottle, fancy bottle judged fancy better |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical substance released by an individual that affects the physiology or behaviors of others |
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Definition
| any property detected by the olfactory system |
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Term
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Definition
| pheremones can accelerate or delay the onset of menstruation |
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Term
| Olfactory detection threshold |
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Definition
| smallest concentration of an odorant that be be detected |
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Term
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Definition
| humans can discriminate over 100,000 different smells |
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Term
| Olfactory receptor neuron |
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Definition
transducers for smell
Located in the olfactory mucosa |
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Term
| procesing smell in the brain |
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Definition
* an area of smell is the amygdala
* different areas of your brain for processing smells* |
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Term
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Definition
| Main one: Warning; Gatekeeper: what should be consumed, what should not; Doesn’t always work |
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Term
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Definition
Filiform (entire surface)
Fungiform (tip and sides)
Foliate (folds near the back)
Circumuvillate (very back); |
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Term
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Definition
All papillae, excepts Filiform, have taste buds
Whole tongue contains about 10,000 taste buds, contains 50-100 taste cells
Transduction occurs when chemical contact receptor sites |
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Term
| There are two clearly very different kinds of illusions |
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Definition
those with a physical cause and cognitive illusions due to misapplication
of knowledge. |
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Term
| why are illusions important to important for investigating cognitive processes of vision |
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Definition
Errors of perception (phenomena of illusions) can be due to
knowledge being inappropriate or being misapplied |
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Term
| law of specific qualities |
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Definition
| any afferent nerve signals the same quality or sensation whatever stimulates it. |
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Term
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Definition
cone rich spot, devoid of rods.
greatest detail
Density goes down and size goes up away from fovea |
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Term
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Definition
| a hole is drilled in the skull to cure various decreases and disorders (epileptic seizures, migraines) or to let evil spirits out |
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Term
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Definition
first to dissect
thought the brain and not the heart is the center |
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Term
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Definition
| pinna, collects sounds, amplify, directional information |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where does transduction occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ossicles purpose/function |
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Definition
| amplifies sound, carries vibrations through middle ear transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled cochlea |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
where pressure variations are converted, or transduced, into electrical activity in neurons of
the auditory nerve
Filled with liquid when set in motion, stimulates hair cells, which transducer this mechanical energy into neural energy |
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Term
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Definition
Neurons in primary auditory cortex are tonotopic
Multiple auditory areas, grouped by frequency
Frequency tuning curves |
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Term
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Definition
Azimuth (left-right)
Elevation (up-down)
Distance |
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Term
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Definition
| Interaural time difference (IDT): difference in time of arrival of a sound to the two ears |
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Term
| ineraural level differences |
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Definition
| sound will be more intense in the ear closest to it |
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Term
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Definition
| apparent displacement of objects due to either an observer of the sources’ motion |
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Term
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Definition
How do we judge the height of a sound
Intensity: varies with distance
The intensity of known sounds (e.g., cars) can be used to judge their distance |
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Term
| three psychological dimensions of sound |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
that aspect of sensation
whose variation is associated
with musical melodies.
Related to frequency |
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Term
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Definition
the perceived magnitude of a sound
intensity
Scale: decibel
Frequencies are not equal in loudness |
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Term
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Definition
Two sounds that are identical in loudness (intensity) and pitch (frequency) but perceptually do not match differ in their timbre
spectra and envelope |
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Term
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Definition
| richness of a sound, how many harmonics |
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Term
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Definition
| dynamics of a sound, attack and decay |
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Term
| vibrations in mediums, travel faster? |
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Definition
| Molecules are much closer in solids verses air so the waves can travel faster |
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Term
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Definition
the number of
periods of a sound wave in a
given time |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
communication tool
part of normal development
everyday actions (feedback)
recognition
warning system
body position |
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Term
| 3 touch receptors and what kind of sensation |
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Definition
Mechanoreceptors: Touch
Thermoreceptors: Heat
Nocioceptors: Pain |
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Term
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Definition
“body sense”, info about the body, skin, muscles, tendons, vestibular system
sense of own body’s position |
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Term
| Mechanoreceptors and the 4 types |
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Definition
| sensory transucers for touch: merkel, meissner, ruffini, pacinian |
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Term
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Definition
sensing steady pressure from small objects and vibration
slow adapting
clustered |
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Term
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Definition
found in lips, eyelids, genitalia, nipples, fingers, palms
sensitive to light touch
fast adapting |
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Term
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Definition
High level of neural convergence: they are all sending to one cell up. That cell that gets all the information is highly sensitive
sense stretching, finger position and movement
slow adapting |
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Term
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Definition
large
extremely sensitive but poor spatial resolution
fast adapting |
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Term
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Definition
heat
Located throughout the body near the skin
Can code absolute and relative temperature
Warmth and cold receptors |
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Term
| nocioreceptors and its four types |
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Definition
pain
located anywhere pain can be felt
thermal
mechanical
chemical
sleeping/silent |
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Term
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Definition
Measuring the minimum you can feel 2 points separated
Low thresholds = small Receptive Field
Large thresholds = large Receptive Field |
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Term
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Definition
sensory system in the brain related to touch
map of the body |
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Term
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Definition
a substance capable of eliciting an
olfactory response |
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Term
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Definition
the sensation
resulting from stimulation of the olfactory organs |
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Term
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Definition
a term used to identify the concentration at which animals respond 50 percent of the time to repeated presentations of an odorant.
for animals, not humans |
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Term
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Definition
| the concentration at which 50 percent of the human panel can identify the odorant or odor, such as the smell of ammonia or peppermint. |
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Term
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Definition
| the concen tra tion at which 50 percent of a human panel can identify the presence of an odor or odorant without characterizing the stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
is the process by which one becomes accustomed to an odor.
The adaptation time needed is greater when more than one odor is present.
When adaptation occurs, the detection threshold increases. |
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Term
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Definition
Whole tongue contains about 10,000 taste buds
Each taste bud contains 50-100 taste cells
all papillae except filiform have taste buds
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Term
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Definition
| salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umani |
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Term
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Definition
‘labelled-line’ model
‘cross-fibre’ model: taste buds are coded broadly, detect multiples |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| truncated glutamate receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| taste cells only detects simple ions |
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Term
| what are chemical senses? |
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Definition
Special in detecting chemical compounds
Taste and smell are chemical senses because they require the contact between molecules (chemical compound) and a receptor. |
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Term
| what are chemical sense for? |
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Definition
warning system
quality of life
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| why group smell and taste together? |
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Definition
gatekeeper senses
chemical senses
high level of dependence
proximal senses |
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Term
| olfactory indentification |
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Definition
very poor
subjective and subject to bias |
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Term
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Definition
olfactory recptor neuron transduces for smell
in olfactory musoca
an area of smell is the amygdala
different areas of your brain for processing smells |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules can be the same and smell different, or different and taste the same |
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Term
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Definition
| eye perception is blocked, no actual defect |
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Term
| visual acuity reasons poor in infants |
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Definition
cortical development
cone distrubtion
cone development: Small outer segment means less efficient photo-transduction,
Fat inner segment means poorer
acuity |
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Term
| Figure-Ground segregation |
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Definition
| Infants as young as 5 months old can segregate |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants as young as 3 months can be group by similarity of lightness and color |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants as young as 4 months perceive color categories |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants (10 months) were habituated to the stationary truck |
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Term
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Definition
in utero and postnatal development
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Term
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Definition
where processing
involved in visuo-spatial processing.
Motion is primarily processed here |
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Term
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Definition
what processing
involved in object recognition and detecting form in a visual scene.
Color is primarily processed here |
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