Term
|
Definition
| cell growth is assessed here. Is DNA damaged? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ensure that DNA replication occurs properly. If the cell does not have enough nucleotides to complete replication, or if a DNA molecule breaks, the clel cycle may pause or stop at this point. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| THE LAST ONE BEFORE MITOSIS. Has all DNA replicated- 2 full sets? Can damaged DNA be repaired? is spindle-making machinery in place? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are the chromosomes aligned? Are the spindle fibers attached correctly to the chromosomes? Is spindle built? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microtubule/coordinator mitosis protein synthesis. DNA winds more tightly around proteins. END OF INTERPHASE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary growth phase, produces molecules needed to build new organelles if it divides, basic functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains 2 full sets of genetic information, one from each parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the DNA helix is wrapped around these positively charged proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stretch of DNA wrapped around eight proteins (histones) |
|
|
Term
| chromosome (eukaryotic, prokaryotic) |
|
Definition
| A discrete, continuous molecule of DNA wrapped around protein. Eukaryotic cells contain multiple linear chromosomes, whereas prokarytoic cells each contian one circular chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contain only one set of genetic information. GAMETES . sex cells, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the cell is not dividing, but cellular components ie DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell replicates the genetic material. At the end, each chromosome consists of two attached sister chromatids, although they are not yet visible with a light microscope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA coils tightly around histones, chromosomes become visible under staining in microscope, the nucleolus disappears, the two centrosomes migrate toward opposite poles of the cell, and mitotic spindle begins to form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes line up on the midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (nuclear membranes assemble around two daughter nuclei, chromosomes decondense, spindle disappears) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell is divided into two identical cells |
|
|
Term
| what are some mitotic divisions? |
|
Definition
| asexual reproduction, development, growth and cell replacement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal allele of a gene affecting cell division; cancer-causing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals, radiation, viruses, genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NORMAL GENES which STIMULATE cell division and growth. If mutated, they become oncogenes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encode proteins that INHIBIT cell division. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plays a key role in the G 1 checkpoint of cell division. makes a protein that monitors the integrity of DNA and can halt the cell division and stimulate repair enzymes |
|
|
Term
| which cells can divide endlessly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The original three tenets of the cell theory are: |
|
Definition
| All organisms are made of one or more cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life and all cells come from preexisting cells |
|
|
Term
| A phospholipid molecule has hydrophilic/phobic head? what is it attracted to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the primary functions of proteins within a cell? |
|
Definition
Transport of molecules out of the cell,
Recognition of an organisms own cells,
To enable cells to adhere to one another,
Receiving chemical signals |
|
|
Term
| signal transduction involves what, activates what |
|
Definition
Involving a receptor protein and a first and second messenger,
That usually activates genes or enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produce proteins
Produce lipids
Detoxify poisons
Form vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An organelle,
A processing center,
,a stack of membrane enclosed sacs, Involved with secretion of cellular substances |
|
|
Term
| The main organelles and structures involved with milk production and secretion in their correct sequence are: |
|
Definition
| Nucleus, nuclear pore, rough ER, smooth ER, transport vesicle, Golgi body, vesicle for secretion |
|
|
Term
| In most mammals the DNA found in mitochondria is inherited from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells,
A system of tracks used for transport
,A structure that aids in the process of cell division
,Composed of microtubules and microfilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found on eukaryotic cells,
Found on prokaryotic cells, Used for movement,
Composed of microtubules |
|
|
Term
| A structure found in prokaryotic cells, plant cells and animal cells is a: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most living cells are small in size because they need a large ratio of surface area to volume. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endosymbiosis is a theory based on the resemblance of chloroplasts and mitochondria to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolysis means to split with water. Enzymes use the chemical properties of water to break chemical bonds and produce smaller molecules. When a molecule is hydrolyzed a chemical bond is broken that divides the molecule into two component molecules. During hydrolysis the water molecule splits into a hydrogen and a hydroxyl (OH). The hydrogen bonds to one of the two component molecules at the point where the bond was broken. The hydroxyl bonds to the other component molecule, also at the point of the broken bond. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrogens and hydroxyls are removed as individual molecules are attached to one another to form polymers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
|
|
Term
| sodium potassium pumps are characterized by ions moving from ___ to ___ concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the binding and releasing of Na and K is due to what changing about the enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the energy come from to drive photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photosynthesis is an example of an _________________endergonic/exergonic chemical reaction because |
|
Definition
| endergonic because light energy is used to build chemical bonds |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the chloroplast is associated with the production of glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ATP that is produced as a result of the light reactions is used by the cell to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| under what conditions can carbon fixation occur at night? |
|
Definition
| if there is a source of ATP and NADPH. |
|
|
Term
| the main product of photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the energy source for photosynthesis is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does photosynthesis produce ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rise of photosynthetic organisms did what 4 things? |
|
Definition
| increased the polar ice caps, increased O in atmosphere, lowered global temperature, increased sea levels |
|
|
Term
| Leaves of many plants "turn" colors in the fall because: |
|
Definition
| The chlorophyll in the leaves degrades as winter approaches |
|
|
Term
| The energy sources needed for the light reactions and the carbon reactions respectively are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is released at each step in an electron transport chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photo system I and photo system II are respectively part of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the calvin cycle produces 3 carbon molecules from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When chlorophyll a absorbs light, what happens to the electrons? |
|
Definition
| electrons are "excited" and ejected from the chlorophyll a molecule. |
|
|
Term
| does photosynthesis produce ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecule that enters the Kreb's cycle in cellular respiration; product of partial oxidation of pyruvate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all-or-none electrochemical change across the cell membrane of a neuron; the basis of a nerve impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunity generated by an organism's production of antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movt of a solute across a membrane against its concentration gradient, using a carrier protein and energy from ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 in the presence of O2, producing ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organic molecule consisting of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nitrogen atom single-bonded to two hydrogen atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrogenous waste (NH3) genetrated by deamination of amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bird, reptile, or monotremes egg containing fluid and nutrients within membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular respiration using an electron acceptor other than O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar in function but not in structure because of convergent evolution, not common in ancestry |
|
|
Term
| in anaphase II, what is pulled toward opposite poles of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in anaphase I, what is pulled toward opposite poles of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a seed plant that produces flowers and fruits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein that B cells secrete that recognizes and binds to an antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a three-base portion of a tRNA molecule; the anticodon is complementary to one codon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecule that elicits an immune reaction by B and T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| programmed cell death that is a normal part of development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segmented animal with an exoskeleton and jointed appendages; phylum Arthropoda |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the average mass of all isotopes of an element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any form of reproduction that does not require the fusion of gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme complex that admits protons through a membrane, where they trigger phosphorylation of ADP to ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inheritance pattern of a dominant allele on an autosome. The phenotype affects males and females equally and can skip generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inheritance pattern of a recessive allele on an autosome. the phenotype affects males and females equally and can skip generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
