Term
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Definition
1. for reproduction
2. growth and development
3. repair |
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Term
| What has to be copied (5) |
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Definition
1. DNA
2. organelles
3. cell membrane
4. lots of other molecules
5. enzymes |
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Term
| A dividing cell duplicates its |
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Definition
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Term
| When cell is ready to divide it copies DNA first, then… |
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Definition
| coils the DNA up on a double chromosomes like thread on a spool so it can move DNA around the cell without having it tangle & breaking. |
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Term
| How many chromomsones do Humans have? |
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Definition
| 23 pairs of chromosones so 46 total. |
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Term
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Definition
small, cylinder shaped structures found near the nucleus, involved in mitosis
During Mitosis they separate and go to opposite sides to help pull chromosones apart. |
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Term
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Definition
| star like structure made of microtubules that extend from centrioles |
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Term
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Definition
| web like structure made up of microtubule fibers. It arranges and moves the chromosomes around. |
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Term
| picture of centrioles, aster and spindle |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe what happens during interphase (3) |
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Definition
1. DNA found as chromatin
2. Cell grows & produces more molecules & organelles
3. DNA and centrioles replicate |
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Term
| Describe what happens during Prophase (5) |
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Definition
1. Chromosomes become visible
2. DNA is wound into chromosomes
3. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus breakdown
4. Centrioles move to opposite poles
5. Spindle and asters begins to form |
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Term
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Definition
1. Spindle is fully developed
2. Sister chromatids line up at the equator
3. Chromatids are attached to the spindle at the centromere |
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Term
| Describe what happens during Anaphase (4) |
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Definition
1. Sister chromatids separate
2. One complete set of chromosomes goes to each pole
3. Spindle pull chromatids to opposite poles
4. Cytokinesis begins |
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Term
| Describe what happens in telephase. (5) |
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Definition
1. Chromosomes reach opposite poles
2. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
3. Spindle disappears
4. Chromosomes unravel
5. Cytokinesis is completed |
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Term
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Definition
| Division of the cytoplasm & organelles into two cells that occurs at the end of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase |
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Term
| Pictures of different Phases |
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Definition
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Term
| How does mitosis differ in plants? |
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Definition
1. Plant cells do not have centrioles
2. Plant cells do not pinch in half
Cytokinesis is accomplished through the formation of a cell plate between the two daughter cells |
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Term
| How fast does Mitosis occur? |
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Definition
The time it takes for a cell to complete one cycle can vary between a couple of minutes to days.
Cells that are continuously being worn away have a rapid turnover. E.g. skin, epithelial cells, RBC, etc.
Cells which make up organs such as the eye and the brain do not multiply very often if ever once they reach adult size. |
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Term
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Definition
The protein that regulates the cell cycle.
Cyclin is produced during interphase.
Once the cyclin reaches a certain level it triggers mitosis. |
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Term
| How do cells know when it is time to replicate? |
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Definition
1. Internal - Proteins in the cell respond to events inside the cell
2. External - Proteins that respond to events outside the cell
Ex. wounds may stimulate cell growth. |
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Term
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Definition
1. uncontrolled mitosis
2. Don’t respond to normal cellular controls
3. Cells divide excessively
4. Many causes resulting in gene mutations (often in gene p53)
5. Certain environmental factors can increase chances of cells mutating such as Smoking, radiation, viral infection, heredity |
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Term
| What is a tumor and what are the two different types of tumors? |
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Definition
1. Tumor – a mass of abnormal cells
2. Benign tumor – abnormal cells remain in original location
3. Malignant tumor – abnormal cells leave the original site and impair the function of one or more organs |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal cells remain in original location |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal cells leave the original site and impair the function of one or more organs |
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Term
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Definition
1. One parent
2. No exchange of DNA
3. Produces offspring identical to parent.
4. Usually rapid
5. Often produces large numbers of offspring |
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Term
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Definition
1. Type of Asexual Reproduction
2. Binary fission – cell divides into two equal sized daughter cells
3. Occurs in prokaryotic organisms
E.g. bacteria |
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Term
| Mitosis as asexual reproduction |
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Definition
1. Occurs in eukaryotic organisms.
2. Binary fission plus the division of the nucleus
E.g. protists |
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Term
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Definition
1. Type of asexual reproduction
2. Budding – parent divides into two unequal parts.
3. Buds can break off and live independently or remain attached to parent
E.g. yeast, hydra, sponges, coral, jellyfish |
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Term
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Definition
1. Type of asexual reproduction
2. Spores – single, specialized cells that are released and produced new identical individuals.
E.g. bread mold |
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Term
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Definition
1. Type of asexual reproduction
2. Regeneration – ability to regrow lost body parts or entire organism from a body part
E.g. planaria, hydra, starfish |
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Term
| Natural Vegetative Reproduction -Bulbs |
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Definition
Bulb – short underground stem surrounded by thick, fleshy leaves that contain stored food
E.g. tulips, onions, lilies |
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Term
| Natural Vegetative Reproduction -Corms |
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Definition
Corm – short, stout underground stems that contain food
Similar to a bulb, but without leaves
E.g. gladioli, crocuses, water chestnuts |
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Term
| Natural Vegetative Reproduction -Tubers |
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Definition
Tuber – enlarged part of underground stem that contains stored food
Produces “eyes” that grow into a new plant
E.g. potatoes |
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Term
| Natural Vegetative Reproduction -Runners |
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Definition
Runner – stem that grows sideways and has buds
When runners touch the ground a new plant grows
E.g. strawberry plants |
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Term
| Natural Vegetative Reproduction -Rhizomes |
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Definition
Rhizomes – stem that grows sideways underground
Usually thick & fleshy and contains stored food
E.g. ferns, irises, cattails, water lilies |
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Term
| Artificial Vegetative Propagation - Cutting |
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Definition
Cutting – using a leaf, steam, or root to produce a new plant
E.g. leaf cuttings are used in begonia & African violets
E.g. stem cuttings used for roses & ivy |
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Term
| Artificial Vegetative Propagation - Layering |
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Definition
Layering – stem is bent so that part of it is in the soil so a new plant grows
Artificial and natural process
E.g. raspberries, blueberries, roses & honeysuckle |
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Term
| Artificial Vegetative Propagation - Grafting |
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Definition
Grafting – process where a stem or bud is removed from one plant and added to the stem of another
Stock – stem receiving the stem or bud, provides nutrition
Scion – stem or bud that is added, retains its own characteristics
E.g. apple tree that grows 5 different apples |
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Term
| Advantages of Artificial Vegetative Propagation (4) |
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Definition
1. Produces plants that are clones
2. Faster than growing from seed
3. Seedless fruit can only be grown this way
4. Grafting can give higher yields of fruit |
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