Term
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Definition
All things are made of cells
All cells come from other cells |
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Term
| A cell's genetic information, packaged along with its DNA, is known as its ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA provides templates for: |
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Definition
| Making proteins & copying itself |
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Term
| Cellular reproduction is done in order to: (2 things) |
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Definition
Replication of Genome
Cellular Division (Cytokinesis)
Both essential! |
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Term
| Cell division is important for: (3 things) |
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Definition
Reproduction
Growth & development
Tissue renewal |
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Term
| Binary fission provides _________ but not _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is extranuclear DNA located in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
Mitochondria
(or chloplasts for plants) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In mitotic cell division, there is/are ___________ parent cell(s). |
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Definition
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Term
| In mitosis, ____ gene copies of the parent cell are passed to its offspring (____ daughter cells). |
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Definition
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Term
| The 2 major parts of the mitotic cell cycle are: |
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Definition
Interphase -
occurs between cell divisions, 90% of cell cycle. cell growth & replication of DNA
Mitotic phase -
division of the nucleus, DNA is processed before mitosis. |
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Term
| A typical human cell has _____ of DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| To make division and copying manageable, DNA molecules are packaged into ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a cell is not dividing, each chromosome is in the form of __________. |
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Definition
| A long, thin chromatin fiber |
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Term
| After __________, chromatin becomes folded and coiled to form a chromosome. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA combines with ___________ to become a chromatin strand. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA is condensed ________ mitosis. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Single DNA strand
2. Chromatin and histone protein
3. Chromatin + centromere (interphase)
4. Chromatin + centromere (prometaphase)
5. Chromatin + centromere (metaphase) |
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Term
| Chromosomes duplicate to form 2 _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sister chromatids are genetically ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromatids are connected by a ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The 3 subphases of interphase are: |
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Definition
G1 phase "first gap"
S phase "synthesis"
G2 phase "second gap" |
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Term
| Cell growth happens in the _________ phase(s), chromosome duplication happens in the __________ phase(s) |
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Definition
All, by producing proteins & cytoplasmic organelles
S |
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Term
| The 6 stages of the mitosis are: |
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Definition
Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Centrioles (centrosome = 2 centrioles) |
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Definition
| Cylinders of microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| Segregates chromosomes during cell division; made up of microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| Attachment site for microtubules on chromatids |
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Term
What happens during interphase?
[image] |
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Definition
Centrosome replicates (each has 2 centrioles)
DNA replicates (only during S phase)
Nuclear envelope sorrounds the nucleus |
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Term
What happens during prophase?
[image] |
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Definition
Chromatin coils to form chromosomes (2 sister chromatids)
Mitotic spindle forms (made of microtubules)
Centrosomes move away from each other |
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Term
What happens during prometaphase?
[image] |
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Definition
Nuclear envelope fragments
Kinetochores form on chromatids
Microtubules from centrosome attach to kinetochores |
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Term
What happens during metaphase?
[image] |
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Definition
Longest stage of mitosis
Chromosomes are aligned mid-cell (metaphase plate) by microtubules |
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Term
What stage is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What stage is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What stage is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What phase is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What phase is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What happens during anaphase?
[image] |
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Definition
Shortest stage of mitosis
Begins when sister chromatids are pulled apart by kinetochore microtubules
Cohesion proteins (kinetochore) break, form individual chromosomes |
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Term
What happens during telophase?
[image] |
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Definition
2 daughter nuclei and envelope begin to form
Chromosomes release
Division of cycoplasm (cytokinesis)
2 new daughter cells enter interphase |
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Term
What phase is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| After mitosis is complete, each daughter cell is _____________ the parent cell and has a __________ genome. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitosis functions as _________ for unicellular organisms and as ____________ for multicellular organisms. |
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Definition
Complete reproduction
Cell generation |
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Term
| Advantages of asexual reproduction |
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Definition
Quick and easy
Successful genotypes can proliferate in suitable environments
Desirable phenotypes can be maintained through time. |
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Term
| Disadvantages of asexual reproduction |
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Definition
Little/no variability
You could wipe yourself out if your conditions were no longer favorable |
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Term
| How does genetic variation arise? |
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Definition
Mutation
Bi-parental inheritance
Processes within meiosis |
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Term
| Sexually reproducing organisms have ____ complete set(s) of chromosomes, while gametes have ____ set(s). |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all cells that aren't sex cells -- "body cells" |
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Term
| In diploid cells there are pairs of chromosomes. On each chromatid there are _______ controlling the same trait. One is from the __________, one is from the __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosomes in a pair have ____________ length, staining pattern, and centromere position. They are known as ________________ chromosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Females have _____ chromosomes while males have ______ sex chromosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus at a given time. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gene for a particular trait is on each chromatid at a specific _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Any cell with 2 sets of chromosomes is called a ______ cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gametes have _____ set(s) of ____ chromosomes. They are called _____ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
In animals the ________ is the only haploid stage.
Plants exhibit _______________.
In fungi and protists, the __________ is the only diploid stage. |
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Definition
gamete
alternation of generations
zygote |
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Term
| Meiosis I separates _______ and Meiosis II separates ________. |
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Definition
homologs
sister chromatids |
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Term
| The end product of meiosis has _____ the number of chromosomes and ____ the amount of DNA as a cell about to begin meiosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sister chromatids are 2 copies of the same chromosome and are genetically _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Homologous pairs are from _________ parent(s) and are genetically _______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Pairing of homologous chromosomes
Forms a tetrad |
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Term
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Definition
Formed by synapsis
4 sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic rearrangement bewteen non-sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| Site where crossing over occurs |
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Term
| Synapsis occurs during _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 events unique to meiosis |
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Definition
Synapsis and crossing over
homologs on the metaphse slate
Separation of homologs |
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Term
| Meiosis I is called the _____ division. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 mechanisms of variation |
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Definition
1. Crossing over
2. Independent assortment of chromosomes
3. Random fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| On average in humans there are ___ to ___ cross over events per chromosome pair |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Number of possible chromosomal combinations from independent assortment |
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Definition
2n, n is number of chromosomes in haploid
Humans 2^23 = 8 million combos
W/fertilization: 8x8mil = 64 tril |
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Term
| Genetic similarity results from ________, variation results from_______. |
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Definition
Careful DNA replication, distribution of chromosomes to gametes during meiosis
Meiosis events (cross over, independent assortment) |
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