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| one-half of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome. During cell division, the identical copies are joined together at the centromere |
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| A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. |
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| a region on a chromosome that joins sister chromatids. Spindle fibers attach here. |
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| the two strands of DNA that pair together (through base pairing) to form the double helix |
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G1- cells increase in size. produce RNA and synthesize protein. G1 checkpoint to make sure cell is ready for DNA synthesis
S1-To produce two similar daughter cells, the complete DNA instructions in the cell must be duplicated. DNA replication occurs during this S (synthesis) phase
G2- During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow and produce new proteins. At the end of this gap is another control checkpoint (G2 Checkpoint) to determine if the cell can now proceed to enter M (mitosis) and divide. |
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| chromatin condenses and becomes visible. |
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| chromosomes align in the middle and spindle fibers begin to form. |
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| the chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by the spindle fibers attached at the centromeres). |
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| the cell cytoplasm begins to split, and a new nucleus begins to form around the chromosomes in each daughter cell |
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cleavage furrow (animals)- A groove formed from the cell membrane in a dividing cell as the contractile ring tightens.
cell plate (plants) - formation of a cell wall between daughter cells |
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cell division triggered by growth
(surface to volume ratio) |
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| Each internal region of the cell has to be served by part of the cell surface. As a cell grows bigger, its internal volume enlarges and the cell membrane expands. Unfortunately, the volume increases more rapidly than does the surface area, and so the relative amount of surface area available to pass materials to a unit volume of the cell steadily decreases. |
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