Term
| Which antibiotics are concentration dependent? What does it mean to be concentration dependent? |
|
Definition
Aminoglycosides, Quinolones, Daptomycin.
Generally have a significant post-antibiotic effect. Should consider giving a large dose fewer times per day so that the drug is a subtoxic levels for more hours of the day. |
|
|
Term
| Which antibiotics are time dependent? What does it mean to be time dependent? |
|
Definition
Beta-Lactams, Vancomycin.
Generally don't have a significant post-antibiotic effect. Need to give multiple doses per day because effective treatment is based on how long the drug is present in therapeutic concentrations. |
|
|
Term
| What does induration mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are most bacteria on the skin Gram +ve or Gram -ve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram stain and shape for Klebsiella pneumoniae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| currant jelly sputum is associated with which pathogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram stain and shape of Pseudomonas aerunginosa? |
|
Definition
| Gram negative rods (thinner rods than Klebsiella pneumoniae) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three beta lactam antibiotics that are commonly used against Pseudomonas spp.? |
|
Definition
Ceftazidime (3rd gen Cephalosporin)
Cefepime (4th gen Cephalosporin)
Piperacillin (Anti-pseudomonal penicillin)
The Carbepenems (except Ertapenam) are very effective against Pseudomonas but they are a restricted drug, and only used against serious nosocomial infections. |
|
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Term
| If a patient has pneumonia following Influenza, what kind of etiology should you be thinking about? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the difference b/w typical and atypical pneumonia in terms of presentation? |
|
Definition
typical: sputum production
atypical: no sputum production |
|
|
Term
| What's the general antibiotic recommendation for a patient with pneumonia of unknown etiology? |
|
Definition
| A macrolide (e.g. azithromycin) and a beta lactam (usu. ceftriaxone, a 3rd gen Cephalosporin b/c of resistance to penicillins and ampicillins). |
|
|
Term
| What's the bacterial growth plate that turns red if the bacteria are lactose fermentors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are enterobacteriaceae Gram positive or negative? Oxidase positive or negative? |
|
Definition
| They are Gram -ve, oxidase -. In fact, I think if you know it's a Gram -ve bacteria and it's oxidase -ve, then that means it's an Enterobacteriaceae. |
|
|
Term
| In which growth plate will you find colistin and nalidixic acid? What do these chemicals select for? |
|
Definition
| CNA. Selects for Gram +ve. |
|
|
Term
| What do bile salts on a growth plate select for? What growth plate are bile salts found on? |
|
Definition
for Gram -ve enteric bacteria. (Enterobacteriaceae) (inhibits Gram -ve mucosal).
This is because Enterobacteriaceae have a true LPS surface molecule with an O antigen attached, and the O antigen repels the bile salts which would otherwise disrupt the membrane. Non enteric gram -ve bacteria are missing the O antigen (so they have an LOS surface molecule instead of an LPS) and can't repel the bile salts as well, so they are inhibited.
On MacConkey Agar. |
|
|
Term
| Shape, Gram stain, oxidase of Neisseria spp.? |
|
Definition
| cocci, Gram -ve, oxidase + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a test for a bacteria's ability to break down tryptophan to form indole. It's done in a test tube, and if positive, a red ring will form at the top of the medium. |
|
|
Term
| How can you differentiate Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. from other members of the Enterobacteriaceae? |
|
Definition
| Salmonella and Shigella can't ferment lactose, while the other members of the group can. So MacConkey agar plate does not turn pink for Salmonella and Shigella. Other Enterobacteriaceae that can't ferment lactose (not sure why these weren't included above) are: Yersinia spp and Proteus spp. |
|
|
Term
| What is the oxygen requirement for Clostridia? What is its shape and Gram stain? |
|
Definition
| anaerobic Gram pos. rod (spore forming). |
|
|
Term
| How do you use a catalase test to distinguish the Gram +ve cocci? |
|
Definition
Staphlyococcus is Catalase +
Streptococcus is catalase - |
|
|
Term
| Coagulase test for Staph. aureus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the coagulase positive staphylocci? |
|
Definition
| Looks like just Staph aureus. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of hemolysis does Strep. pyogenes show? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of hemolysis does Group B strep show? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of hemolysis does Strep. pneumoniae show? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of hemolysis does Enterococci show? |
|
Definition
| Enterococci are Group D strep. Show gamma (none) hemolysis. |
|
|
Term
| What are the gram negative rods? |
|
Definition
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis |
|
|
Term
| How do you distinguish between the gram negative rods? |
|
Definition
you're distinguishing between N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis.
N. gonorrhoeae is a maltose NON-fermentor
N. meningitidis is a maltose fermentor |
|
|
Term
| Name the Gram -ve coccibacilli |
|
Definition
Hemophilus influenzae type b
Bordatella perfussis (whooping cough)
Pasteruella spp.
Brucella spp.
Brucellosis spp. |
|
|
Term
| Gram stain and shape of Hemophilus influenzae? |
|
Definition
| Gram -ve, coccobacilli shaped |
|
|
Term
| Shape of Bordetella pertussis? Gram stain? |
|
Definition
| Coccobaccili shaped. Gram neg. |
|
|
Term
| Shape and gram stain of Pasteurella spp? |
|
Definition
| Gram neg, coccobacilli shaped. |
|
|
Term
| Shape and gram stain of Brucella spp? |
|
Definition
| Gram neg, coccobacilli shaped. |
|
|
Term
| Shape and gram stain of Brucellosis spp? |
|
Definition
| Gram neg, coccobacilli shaped. |
|
|
Term
| What are the possible shapes of gram negative bacteria? |
|
Definition
cocci
coccibacillus
unusually shaped anaerobic rods
rods |
|
|
Term
| name the unusually shaped anaerobic rods. |
|
Definition
Pleomorphic bacteriodes
needle-shaped Fusobacterium |
|
|
Term
| Shape, gram stain, oxygen requirement for Bacteriodes spp? |
|
Definition
shape: pleomorphic
Gram neg
anaerobic |
|
|
Term
| Shape, gram stain, and oxygen requirement for Fusobacterium? |
|
Definition
| Needle-shaped, gram neg, anaerobic |
|
|
Term
| Name the oxidase positive gram negative rods |
|
Definition
Vibrio cholerae (comma shaped)
Campylobacter (gull wing shape)
Helicobacter (gull wing shape)
Pseudomonas |
|
|
Term
| Gram stain, shape, and oxidase test for Pseudomonas? |
|
Definition
| gram neg rods, oxidase positive. |
|
|
Term
| Gram stain, shape, and oxidase test for Helicobacter spp.? |
|
Definition
| Gram neg rods (gull wing shape), oxidase pos. |
|
|
Term
| Gram stain, shape, and oxidase test for Campylobacter spp? |
|
Definition
| Gram neg rods (gull wing shape) oxidase positive |
|
|
Term
| Gram stain, shape, and oxidase test for Vibrio cholerae? |
|
Definition
| Gram neg comma-shaped rods, oxidase positive. |
|
|
Term
| Oxidase negative gram negative rods can be divided into what 2 categories? |
|
Definition
| lactose fermenters and nonfermenters. |
|
|
Term
| Name the oxidase negative, lactose nonfermenting, gram negative rods. |
|
Definition
| Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. |
|
|
Term
| How can you distinguish Shigella spp. from Salmonella spp., and what do they have in common? |
|
Definition
| both are gram neg. rods, oxidase negative and lactose nonfermentors. Salmonella spp. produces H2S and is motile, while Shigella spp. is nonmotile and does not produce H2S. |
|
|
Term
| Name the gram negative rod-shaped oxidase negative, lactose fermentors. |
|
Definition
Fast: E. coli; Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp.
Middle: Yersinia spp.
Slow: Serratia spp; Citrobacter; others |
|
|
Term
| Oxidase test for: E. coli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidase test for: Klebsiella spp. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidase test for: Salmonella spp. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidase test for Shigella spp. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidase test for yersinia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidase test for Serratia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidase test for vibrio cholerae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidase test for pseudomonas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidase test for campylobacter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidase test for Helicobacter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidase test for Enterobacter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidase test for Citrobacter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidase test for Serratia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidase test for Shigella |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidase test for Salmonella? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease is associated with the K antigen on E. coli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The K antigen that is associated with neonatal meningitis is on what pathogen? How does the K antigen do its thing? |
|
Definition
| E. coli. K antigen is a sialic acid analogue, so that helps E. coli to evade phagocytosis and complement activiation. |
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