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Definition
- brain is composed of independent cells
- neurons (90-100 billion)
- info is transmitted across synapses
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| where info is transmitted between cells |
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| provide support for neurons |
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| central nervous system (CNS) |
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| consists of brain and spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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all parts outside of skull and spinal column
+ CRANIAL NERVES! |
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connected to the brain
12 pairs
Three Functions:
sensory, motor, or both
Know:
Olfactory, Optic, Auditory, Vagus |
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connected to the spinal cord
31 pairs |
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| autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
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primarily controls internal organs
spans CNS and PNS |
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| carries sensory info from the body to the spinal cord |
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| carries motor info from the spinal cord to the muscles |
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| sympathetic nervous system (SNS) |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| outermost layer, complex thought |
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| outside packaging of embryo |
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| cell systems that line the organs and vessels |
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three subdivisions:
1. forebrain
2. midbrain
3. hindbrain |
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| telencephalon, diencephalon |
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| metencephalon, myelencephalon |
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in myelencephalon
- contains cranial nerve nuclei and marks transition from brain to spinal cord
- life sustaining functions
- drugs
- cranial nerves
- area postrema --> emetic function |
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in metencephalon
DORSAL
balance, motor skills
alcohol receptors |
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in metencephalon
VENTRAL
- nuclei controlling sleep, dreaming
- reticular activation system |
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| tectum, superior/inferior colliculi, corpora quadrigemina |
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in mesencephalon
DORSAL
- unconscious perceptial info (vision, auditory)...location of objects |
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in mesencephalon
VENTRAL
Substantia nigra - dopamine projection to basal ganglia
Ventral tegmental area - dopamine reward pathway to nucleus accumbens |
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in diencephalon
DORSAL
- way station for senses |
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in diencephalon
VENTRAL
- 4 F's (fleeing, fighting, feeding, ...)
- pituitary gland |
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system of membranes envelops CNS
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater |
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| when one side of brain is better than other at something |
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| connects the two cerebral hemispheres |
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| deficit in language comprehension/production due to brain damage (usually on left side) |
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| left inferior prefrontal cortex, damage leads to expressive aphasia |
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| difficulty performing movements when asked to do so out of context, also a consequence of damage on left side |
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| tests of cerebral lateralization |
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Definition
| sodium amytal test, dichotic listening test, functional brain imaging |
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| sodium amytal test aka wada test |
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| anesthetize one hemisphere and check for language function |
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| report more digits heard by the dominant half |
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| fMRI or PET used to see which half is active when performing a language test |
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1940s, first transection of the corpus callosum in epileptics
- result=substantially reduced seizure activity |
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| split brain hemispheres can search for target item in array faster than intact controls |
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| only symmetrical version of right half of faces recognized (indicates competition between hemispheres) |
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| facial feedback from other hemisphere |
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| constituent cognitive processes |
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| individual cognitive elements (what is lateralized?) |
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| contains genetic instructions |
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| translate genetic instructions into proteins |
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| input zone, integration zone, conduction zone, output zone |
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| receives information from other cells through dendrites |
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| a cell body (or soma) region where inputs are combined and transformed |
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| a single axon leads away from the cell body and transmits the electrical impulse |
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| axon terminals at the end of the axon communicate activity to other cells |
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| contact muscles or glands |
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| respond to enviro. stimuli (light, odor, touch) |
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| receive input from and send input to other neurons |
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| one axon, many dendrites - most common |
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| a single extension that branches in two directions, forming a receptive pole and an output zone |
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| studded on dendrites and increase surface area |
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| allows dendritic spine number and structure to be rapidly altered by experience |
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| star shaped cells w/many processes - receive neuronal input and monitor activity |
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| small cells that remove debris from injured cells |
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the process in which glial cells wrap axons w/myelin
- insulates and speeds conduction |
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| gaps between sections of myelin where the axon is exposed |
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| myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord |
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| myelin outside the brain and spinal cord |
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| oligodendrocytes vs schwann cells |
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oligodendrocyes=myelin in CNS
schwann cells=myelin in PNS |
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1. Selective membrane permeability
2. Chemical concentration gradient
3. Electrostatic gradient
4. Sodium-potassium pump |
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ions cant move through membrane directly
- K+ and Cl- pass readily
- Na+ not much
- Proteins never |
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the potential at which there is no net movement of an ion - the potential it will move to achieve when allowed to move freely
Na+=120mV
K+=90mV
Cl-=-70mV (same as resting potential) |
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| distribution of ions in/out of neuron |
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Definition
Na+ driven in/out by electrostatic and concentration gradient
K+ drivin in by electrostatic, out by concentration gradient |
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immediate, correlate to input, dissipate in space and time
- decremental
- fast
- passive (energy is not used)
- in dendrites: EPSP's & IPSP's |
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Term
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Definition
propagated down the axon, not correlated to stimulation
- nondecremental
- conducted more slowly than PSP's
- passive and active (use ATP)
propogation:
- involves opening of Na channels and closing them while opening K channels and then Na/K pump returns everything to normal |
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| absolute refractory periods |
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Definition
| impossible to initiate another action potential |
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| relative refractory periods |
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Definition
| harder to initiate another action potential |
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excitatory postsynaptic potential
- small local depolarization, pushing the cell closer to threshold
- usually Na+ entering the cell |
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inhibitory postsynaptic potential
- hyperpolarization, pushing the cell further away from threshold
- usually Cl- entering the cell |
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Definition
the summing of potentials that come from different parts of the cell
- if the overall sum of EPSPs and IPSPs can depolarize the cell at the axon hillock, an action potential will occur |
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the summing of potentials that arrive at the axon hillock at different times
- the closer together in time they arrive, the greater the summation and possibility of an action potential |
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amount of time it is above threshold at axon hillock
upper limit around 1200 spikes/sec |
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- changes with practice
- sensitive to expectancy and strategy
- shows a speed-accuracy tradeoff |
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1850 - measured speed of impulse in frog nerve
- first use of subtraction method
- rejection of vital force notion |
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| (long distance - short distance)/long time - short time |
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| fit receptors and activate or block them when AP reaches axon terminal |
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| neurotransmitters and hormones |
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| drugs and toxins from outside the body |
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| proteins in post synaptic membrane with attachment points for NT/hormones/drugs |
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