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| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| supported by Titchener, basic units of experience and combinations that they occur in, breaking things down |
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| supported by William James, how organism uses its perceptual abilities to survive and function in its environment |
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Biological
Behavior
Cognitive
Humanistic
Psychodynamic
Social
Evolutionary |
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| Collect data. Theorize to explain. Produce Hypothesis to test. |
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| in depth analysis of one person, lots of information about that one person but unable to make generalization |
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| observing in natural settings, it cannot be replicated - one time chance of examing the actions, can not be generalized |
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research method to make predictions and find relationship,
NOT CAUSATION |
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| is variable manipulated by experimenter |
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| is the effect of experiment, depends on IV |
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Mode is the result that occurs the most.
Median is the middle result.
Mean is the average of all the results. |
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| Information Processing Model (IPM) |
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has generally 3 types of memory: sensory memory, STM, and LTM.
Describe ways humans encode, store and retrieve information. |
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| parts of the nervous system where electro-chemical activity takes place in response to the activity of sense organs, ex) eyes and ears |
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| Working memory, brief storing and processes certain information from sensory registers |
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| Memory that is permanent, or temperarily permanent, basically contains everything one "knows" |
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| Serial Positioning Effect |
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| When asked to recall a list of unrelated words, the first and last items on list are remembered better |
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| information already in memory interferes with new information |
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| new information interferes with information already in memory |
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| Individual cells that are the smallest units of nervous systems |
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occurs when depolarization reaches the threshold of excitation, generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane |
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| chemicals released by the synaptic vesicles that travel across the synaptic space and affect adjacent neurons |
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| regular system of the body that consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. Divided into two parts: the CNS and PNS |
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Regulates most complex behavior
occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal, primary motor cortex, primary somatorsensory cortex, left hemisphere, right hemisphere, broca’s area, wernicke’s area |
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play a role in learning and emotional behavior
hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala; |
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| medulla, reticular formation, pons, cerebellum, thalamus |
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| involved in the coordination of motor movements for the production of speech sounds |
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| plays a critical role in the ability to understand and produce meaningful speach |
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| helps coordinate and integrate complex psychological reactions |
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| uses radioactive glucose to determine location of greatest brain activity |
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| uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce computer generated images |
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| analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind |
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| information processing guided by higher level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations |
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| The least amount of energy that can be detected as a stimulation 50% of the time |
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| The JND for any given sense is a constant fraction or proportion of the stimulation being judged |
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| theory of color vision that holds that three sets of color receptors (yellow-blue, white-black, green-red) respond to determine the color experienced |
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| Theory that a "neurological gate" in the spinal cord controls the transmission of pain messages sent to the brain |
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| refers to the theories of visual perception that attempt to describe how people to tend to organize visual elements into groups when certain principles are applied |
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| suggest individuals tend to orient themselves toward, or process information from only one part of the environment with the exclusion of other parts |
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| A regular biological rhythm with approximately a 24 hour period |
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| the content of a dream as it is remembered and reported in psychoanalysis |
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| the hidden meaning of a dream that can be revealed through interpretation of its images |
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| when higher doses of a drug are required to produce its original effects or to prevent withdrawal symptoms |
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| Avoiding a situation when other forms of coping aren't practical. Symptoms - unpleasant physical or psychological effects that follow the discontinuance of a dependence-producing substance |
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| stimulant drugs that initially produce "rushes" of euphoria often followed by sudden "crashes" and, sometimes, severe depression |
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| any number of drugs that distort visual and auditory perceptions |
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| Potentially deadly depressants, first used for teh sedative and anticonvulsant properties, now used only to treat such conditions as epilepsy and arthritis |
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| Drugs derived from the opium poppy that dull teh senses and induce feelings of euphoria, well-being, and relaxation |
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| Drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and produce feelings of optimism and boundless energy |
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| chemicals that slow down behavior or cognitive processes |
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| A response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs |
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| A stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way |
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| After conditioning the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented |
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| An originally neutral stimulus that is paired with US and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone |
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| A decrease in the strength or frequency of a learned response because of failure to continue pairing the US and CS or withholding of reinforcement |
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| reacting to a stimulus similar to one that was learned |
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| The reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time and without further training |
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| Any event whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will occur |
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| Any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will occur |
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| Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur |
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| Schedules of Reinforcement |
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Variable-ratio: a varying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented
Variable-interval: the correct response is reinforced after varying lengths of time following last reinforcement
Fixed-interval: correct response is reinforced after a fixed length of time since the last reinforcement
Fixed-ratio: the correct response is reinforced after a fixed number of correct responses |
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| A behavior therapy in which the person learns desired behaviors by watching others perform the behavior |
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| Learning by observing others |
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A set of beliefs or expectations about something that is based on past experiences
"subconscious bins for categories" |
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| A mental model containing the most typical (can be stereotypical) features of a concept |
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| A step-by-step method of problem solving. Guarantees a correct solution. |
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Help in simplifying and solving problems, but don't guarantee correct solution.
Hill Climbing: each step moves you closer to the goal
Working backward: one works backward from the desired goal to the given conditions.
Subgoals: goals broken down into smaller parts to make reaching them easier and more manageable
Means-end analysis: aims to reduce discrepancy between current situation and desired goal |
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| tendency to percieve and approach problems in certain ways |
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| Heuristic which a new situation is judged based on its resemblance to a stereotypical model |
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| Heuristic. a judgment or decision is based on information that is most easily retrieved from memory |
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| Basic sound units of a language that indicate changes in meaning |
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| smallest meaningful units of speech, such as prefixes, suffixes and simple words |
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| Rules for arranging words into grammatical phrases and sentences |
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| Criteria for assigning meaning to the morphemes in a language |
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| A time when certain internal and external influences have a major effect on development |
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| Ability or abilities involved in learning and adaptive behavior |
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Statistical technique that identifies groups of related objects
(used by Cattel to identify trait clusters) |
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Spearman
If bright in one area bright in many others as well |
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A cluster of mental abilities. Made by Cattel
Includes: spatial and visual imagery, the ability to notice visual details, and rote memory |
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| Crystallized Intelligence |
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Used by Cattel. A cluster of Mental abilities.
Includes: reasoning, verbal, and numerical skills |
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Gardner
Many intelligences, each of which is mostly independent of others
logical, linguistic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic |
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Goleman
Refers to how effectively people percieve and understand their own emotions, and of others. Also the management of one's own emotions |
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| Intelligence tests that minimize use of language |
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| intelligence tests designed to reduce cultural bias by minimizing skills and values that vary from one culture to another |
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| Ability of a test to produce consistent and stable scores |
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| ability of a test to measure what it has been designed to measure |
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