What six tribes made up the Great League of Peace?

Differences (political, cultural, economical) in the main native groups in Early America.

iroquois, mohawk, oneida, cayuga, sneca, and onodaga

1. hundreds of Languages

2. no sense of America as a continent.

3. wanted to use Europeans to enhance their standing. with other native groups.

RELIGION: 

1. ceremonies were related to farming and hunting.

2. sacred spirits.

3. single creator.

LAND & PROPERTY: 

1. village leaders assigned land.

2. they had the right to USE the land, but NOT OWN it.

3. there was no accumulation of wealth. 

4. no beggars. 

GENDER RELATIONS:

1. premarital sex.

2. divorce.

3. mothers.

4. female elders.

5. men/women roles. 

There was no word for freedom.

Indians did own slaves. 

Iroquois: free people subject to no power on earth.

Mashpees:infrigement on freedom.

Choctaw: wouldn't forgeit natural rights.

1. hierarchy.

2. king claimed to rule from God.

3. less than five percent of monopolized wealth.

4. men/women.

5. no freedom of speech/religion.

Spanish: 

• absolutism.
• strong government.
• catholicism.
• slaves.

English:

• house of lords.
• weak government.
• puritanism.
• received helped from spanish. 

Christopher Columbus: 

1. knew the world was round.
2. gained financial support for his voyages from spain.
3. hispaniola, columbus established settlement.

Amerigo Vespucci: 1499-1502

1. made explorations of the coast of south america.
2. gained knowledge of native groups. 

1. france was the first rival of spain, to try to match their success. 
2. samuel de chaplain founded quebec in 1608.
3. de la salle claimed mississippi river for france in 1681.
4. french canada.

1. henry hudson found manhatten in 1609, claimed for the netherlands
2. established freedom of the press and broad religious toleration.
3. new amsterdam attracted persecuted christians.

1. english colonists landed in jamestown in 1607, which altered life drastically for the indians.
2. beginning of settlement was not promising

• not many farmers, more high-status men, who would rather prospect for gold then farm.
• disease-stricken

• in virginia, tobacco was a substitute for gold. 
• produced startling profits for landowners.
• led to a dispersed society with few towns and little social unity.
• "get rich quick" attitude came into play and there was a constant scramble for land and labor 
• ****led to an increased demand for field laborers, met mostly by young, male indentured servants. 

Puritans came to America to avoid religious persecution and wanted to purify the church.

They were also stubborn and didn't accept other religions.

Pilgrims came to America, simply for the idea of being free.

Unlike the Puritans, they wanted total seperation from the church. 

CRAZY, RADICALLY RELIGIOUS. 

English Civil War

1640

• was started due to the struggle for political supremacy between Parliament and the Stuart Monarchs (James 1 and Charles 1) 
• arose from religious disputes about how fully the Church of England should distance its doctrines and froms of worship from Catholicism. 

King Henry V11

Wives: 

Council of Nicea

325 A.D.

convened by roman emperor constantine, discussing the views of the church and differences. 

Sins: drunkeness, lude dancing, gambling, and prostitution.

  *sexual sin was the worst sin you could commit. 

Thought the father was the head of household and the wife should be in complete submission.

     "let them bear children until their death." 

divine predestination: certain people were elected for eternal salvation 

Catholics believed in confession, Protestants did not.

Catholics believed in children's baptism, Protestants did not.

Catholics did not believe in the Lord's supper, Protestant's did. 

Major 16th century movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. 

Martin Luther's act of nailing the 95 thesis was a prominent act that opened up the floor for debate. The 95 thesis challanged some of the action and doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church. 

Council of Trent 

1563

Main objective was to come up with a definitive answer to Protestantism.

• infant baptism is true doctrine.
• 7 sacraments were upheld.
• index of forbidden texts was published.
• forbid the sale of church offices (did not discuss indulgences) 
• transubstantiation.
• veneratoin of the saints. 

King Phillip's War 

1675

King Phillip attacked almost 45 towns in New England. The settlers counteracted in 1676, and broke the native american power in that region. It was a seen as a major victor for early colonists. 

Spanish settlers first used Native Americans as slaves. However, Bartolome De Las Casas brought about the idea of importing slaves from Africa. He believed that Native Americans were rational and intelligent beings. 

Glorious Revolution

1688

Protestant William of Orange (Dutch) assumes English throne.

Supremacy of Parliament.

Parliament issues 1689 Bill of Rights. 

Made Protestantism the supreme religion of the colonies.

Lessend autonomy in the colonies. 

Diverse Population: 

 Convicts, Scots, Irish, and German immigrants. 

Agriculture: 

 Backcountry was rapidly developing.  

Colonial Cities:

 Great Britian becomes leader in trade, need for market, increase in consumer goods. 

Social Classes: 

   1. The Colonial Elite: the expansion of trade allowed for a new upper class of merchants. Chesapeake and lower south planters became very wealthy. Nearly all upper-class Virginians had inheirited their wealth, but America had no titled aristocracy. Upper class thought of themself as more English.

   2. The Middle Ranks: many in the non-plantation south owned land. Viewed land ownership almost as a right, a precondition for freedom.

   3. The Poor: poverty not as widespread as in England. Half the wealth in 1670 concentrated in the hands of the richest ten percent. Upper classes tend to claim the poor as lazy and responsible for their own plight. 

*Witchcraft was highly believed in and punishable by death. 

*Puritan Influence.

*1400-1800: 50,000 people were executed in Europe, believed to be witches. 

Things to be accused:

read by yourself, speak french, talk to yourself, urine cake, isolate yourself, arguing with neighbor, mis-statement of the Lord's prayer, write devils book, moles, or singing.

SALEM WITCH TRIALS: 

1691: when several girls name Tituba, a witch.

Accusations snowballed: 14 women and 5 men were hung.

*Collin Mather's book heavily inluenced the church concept of witches. 

Effects:

1. fear of sudden death.

2. fear of evil spirits.

3. anxiety/unrest.

4. society that shunned you if you didn't conform.

5. men > women in society. 

1. African leaders kept the capture and sell of slaves under their own control.
2. Guns were imported to encourage the capture of slaves which distorted Africa's society.
3. Middle Passage
4. US Slavery 

• british patriotism
• God save the king
• cricket
• "rights of englishmen" 
• house of commons, house of lords, king (balance of powers) 
• anglo-saxonism
• protestantism 

1. Education
2. Freedom of Press
3. Careful investigation based on research and experiment
4. Every human institution, authority, and tradition be judged before the bar of reason
5. poor richard's almanac
6. reason vs religious entushiasm
7. deism

*More people in the 18th century were concerned with worldly affairs than going to church. 

*Revivals

*Emotional and Personal Christianity

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God-John Edwards

new birth: immediately acknowledging sins and pleading for divine grace. 

Impact: 

1. baptist, methodist, and presbyterian churches emerged.
2. increased written publications.
3. encouraged individual thought on religious matters.
4. condemnation on slavery/monopolic economies. 

7 YEARS WAR/FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

1756-1763

*bloodiest war of the 1700's.

*started at fort necessity.

*french vs. british, french lost.

*caused tension to actually become worse.

*worldwide conflict.

Stamp Act Crisis

1765

• tax on all things paper by british parliament.
• paid in british currency, not colonial paper money.
• taxed on all things printed in the colony.
• help payment for british troops stationed in north america after the seven years war. 

• political group of american patriots
• founded by samuel adams
• formed to protect the rights of colonists from the oppresion of the british government
• FOUND WAYS TO PASS INFORMATION TO DIFFERENT PEOPLE GROUPS. 

Common Sense 

By: Thomas Paine

• first strong statement against british control
• states independence as a right and if wanted, you should petition to "break from england." 
• states distinction between society and government.

• based on opinion, due to political positions decided on by past family. 
• law should be king.
• breaking ties with britian was URGENT.
• first hint of democracy.
• major factor with the break of england.

Declatory Act 

1766

• Parliament's decision to do whatever they wanted to do.
• Repealed Stamp Act of 1765.
• Stated in control of Britian and America
• "REALITY CHECK" to american colonists

Treaty of Paris 

1783

1. British forgot native allies and agreed to recognize American soverignty in the territory east of the mississippi.
2. England gained land
3. *** Ended the American Revolution.

Influential People during the American Revolution

John Adams: 1735-1826

  founding father, second president, first vice president, member of continental congress, help draft DOI, neogtiated TOP in 1783, didn't own slaves, first to nominate Washington, died same day as Thomas Jefferson in 1826, last words TJ, second cousin to Sam.

Samuel Adams: 1722-1803

  leader in american revolution, led protest against the stamp act, founded sons of liberty, organized boston tea party, member of continental congress, signed DOI, frat boy, harvard alum, governor of massachussetts, brewer, wasn't famously successful. 

Benjamin Franklin: 1706-1790

  printer, ran away to philly, poor richards almanac, purchased penns gazette, signed DOI, first US post master general, organized fire union, philly burned, 20,000 attended his funeral, anti-federalist. 

  1757-1775-- US rep for England, came home due to the King of England, and to see his wife. 

Alexander Hamilton: 1757-1804

  west indies, first sec of treasury, annoying, arrogant, felt destined to war, strong advocate for federal government, proposed bank of US, studied at Columbia, died in a dual with Aaron Byrd. 

John Hancock: 1737-1793

  Harvard, orphan, first signer of DOI, adopted at 8, led american revolution, president of continental congress, governer of massachusetts fom 1780-1793.

Patrick Henry: 1736-1799

  major leader in sons of liberty, governor of virginia, lawyer, advocated weak federal government.

  -- "give me liberty or give me death." 

Thomas Jefferson: 1743-1826

  william and mary college, fluent in five languages, deist, co-author of DOI, retired early, loved his wife, founded University of VA, "American son of the Enlightment." 

  --house: Montichello

James Madison: 1751-1836

  disliked England, small, encouraged war of 1812, quaker. 

  wife-dolly madison.

Thomas Paine: 1737-1809

 anti-slavery, orginator of social security, war peace, author of common sense, not well-liked, anti-death, agnostic. 

George Washington: 1732-1799

  only president to free his slaves, pro-inequalty, founding father, shortest inaugural address in new york, died of throat infection.

Paul Revere: 1735-1818

  american silversmith, patriot, son of liberty, midnight ride. 

• members of Parliament spoke for the interest of all british subjects rather than for the interest of only the district that elected them.
• presented by george greenville
• william pitt was the american represenative who denied greenville's proposition.
• created the idea that indians needed no one in parliament. 

1. writs of assistance against smuggling- gave british authority to search ships.
2. proclamation act of 1763
3. sugar act: act on sugar and molasses- only boats that were british.
4. revenue act: stop evasion of paying taxes to england.
5. currency act: no more printed money, only silver or gold. 

Founding Fathers

John Adams

Benjamin Franklin

Alexander Hamilton

Thomas Paine

John Hancock

Thomas Jefferson

George Washington

Abigail Adams 

• federalist, in support of women's rights, education, and aboloshing slavery.
• made a strong impression.
• formed ladies association. 

1. Slaves petitioned for freedom after Revolutionary War.
2. Lord Dunmore issued the Proclamation Act of 1755, that allowed slaves to be protected by British Law.
3. voluntary emancipation- gradual & generational
4. stopped the slave trade during the war and afterwards, emancipation was a gradual change.

• sorority version of sons of liberty
• large influence during the war
• in 1774, helped influence a decision made by continental congress to boycott all british goods.

1. Washington destroyed and devestated all the settlements and told his soliders to capture as many prisoners of every sex and age of possible.
2. After war, british forgot about their alliance with the native americans, and lives remained the same. 

• first constitution of the thirteen states
• drafted by the continental congress from 1776-1777

Shay's Rebellion

1786-1787

• began when colonies had to refund the french and german hessians after they funded the war and supplied weapons to fight with.
• they demanded to be payed in gold and silver, but there wasn't enough money, therefore taxes went up.
• NO CREDIT SYSTEM.

Neutralization Act

June 18, 1798

passed by Congress, increased the amount of time neccessary for immigrants to become naturalized citizens in the United States from five to fourteen years. 

Treaty of Greenville 

August 3, 1795

• written by James Madison
• first ten ammendments of the U.S. Constitution, which limited the power of the US Federal Government.
• created so some states would ratify the Constitution. 

Benjamin Banneker

1731-1809

education: mother taught to read and write. attended school owned by peter heinrichs (quaker) 

*invented the first completely wooden striking clock. published almanacs for six years. 

APPOINTMENTS: 

 -George Washington appointed to a survery team to survery the District of Columbia.

 -Used appointment to create a clock for the are that used relating points on the surface of the earth to the positions of the stars. 

   *** the architect, pierre l'enfant, left the city and banneker reconstructed the plans by memory adding his own design. 

Thomas Jefferson 

1801-1809

March 4, 1901-first president inaugurated in Washington, D.C. Delivered the first inaugural address. 

Principles: 

1. equal and exact justice to all men.
2. peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations.
3. support of state governments.
4. preservation of general government.
5. punishment for those who chose to revolt.
6. compliances with the decisions of the majority.
7. well disiciplined militia.
8. honest payment of debts.
9. maintaining a sound economy.
10. proper distribution of information.
11. freedom of religion
12. freedom of press

Louisiana Purchase 

April 30, 1803

*four cents an acre, fifteen million for the land.

*robert livingston and jamesmonroe signed the louisiana purchase treaty in paris. 

*the purhcase added 828,000 square miles of land west to the mississippi to the united states.

*July Fourth: Louisiana Purchase is announced. 

Barbary Wars

May 1801- Pasha of Tripoli declares war with the United States because President Jefferson refused to make the immediate payment of of $25,000.00

   May 20, 1801: Jefferson sent the first naval fleet. The ships included the philadelphia, the essex, president, and enterprise.

First Annual Message, Addresses War.

  1. justifies action of sending naval fleet to the mediteranian. 

  2. outlines reasons pasha of tripoli declared war 

1803- Jefferson receives much criticism for his decision made during the war. 

  - Philadelphia run aground in the Tripoli Harbor and the captain and his crew are taken captive. 

Several Command Changes: 

1. 1801-Commodore Richard Dale

2. 1802-Commodore Richard Morris 

3. 1803-Commodore Edward Preble 

*Preble understands there is no way to recapture the Philadelphia, and devises a plan to destroy it.

  -February 4, 1804 Philadelphia was destroyed.

August 3, 1804- first attack on Tripoli took place when the Constitution's guns fired on the city. 

September 1804- final battle. Commodore Barron arrived with backup for Commodore Preble. Shortly after Barron's arrival, Preble retired. 

June 4, 1805- After the Pasha of Tripoli had been replaced, a treaty was made with the United States and the prisoners were released. 

• January 18, 1803- Jefferson asks Congress for funds to explore the land west of the Mississippi. His goal was to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean. 
• May 1804- Meriwether Lewis and William Clark depart on the expedition. 
• Jefferson soon sends a message to Congress regarding the Lewis and Clark expedition.  In this message, he asks for permission to establish trade with the Indians. 

Thomas Jefferson's Cousin- Appointed to the Supreme Court by Adams. 

Federalist

Served 34 years.

Not a friend to Thomas Jefferson. 

• first major case decided by Marshall.
• Marbury was denied commision by Jefferson 
• Marbury had a right to his commision by the Judiciary Act of 1789.
• However, Marshall claimed that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional-establishing judicial review. 

Joel Barlow

1754-1812

Poet, Diplomat, Friend of Thomas Jefferson

"As the Government of the United States of America is not, under any sense, founded on the Christian religion." 

-Treaty of Tripoli

War of 1812

June of 1812-Spring of 1815

June 1812- Madison asked Congress for declaration of war.

*England was oppressing American sailors, but were sold under British flags and kindapped soliders.

*Piracy by British

*Two future American presidents fought: 

   1. William Henry Harrison (10th)

   2. Andrew Jackson (7th)

      -fought on canadian border, the chespeake bay region, and along the gulf of mexico.

-America was unprepared, but won single ship engagements.

-October 5, 1814 Tecumpsuh was killed.

-1814: Complete defeat for America

*Americans were bad. British attacked DC and Baltimore at Fort McKinley.  Fort McKinley is the location where Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner.

-Treaty of Ghent ended the war. 

Gabriel's Rebellion

1800

• plot by the slaves in Virginia to gain their freedom 
• originated from Gabriel, Solomon, and Martin in Richmond, VA.
• during Jefferson's presidency.
• slaves fighting for freedom = fighting for freedom from britian 

-Created in 1790, by Alexander Hamilton, to support a strong federal government.

-felt constantly talking about past revolutions would lead to another.

*pro-british

Reasons for it's end:

1. lack of patriotism

2. commercial ideas didn't appeal to the agricultural nation.

3. their elitism and disbelief in democracy placed them at odds with the public. 

1. establish the new nations credit worthyness.
2. creation of a new national debt (consolidate tax of colonies) 
3. creation of a new national bank
4. proposed tax on whiskey producers
5. new tax on foreigners

*Native Americans-Great Plains

*Frontier Men

*Squatters 

*Mountain Men

• fifth president
• supported the growing nationalism setiment in US
• patriotic themes
• tarrif of 1816- first protective tarrifs on imported goods.

1. The United States would oppose any further efforts at colonization by European powers in the Americas.
2. The United States would abstain from involvment in the wars of Europe.
3. The United States warns Europe not to interefere with the newly independent states of Latin America (Spain)

Prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana territory 3630' north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. 

Extreme pride for one's one country.

Leaning towards, "my country is better than yours." 

• booming in the north
• increase in factories, therefore, an increase in jobs. 

John Quincy Adams

• Sixth president from 1825-1829
• Son of John Adams
• Adams-Onis Treaty & Treaty of Ghent
• Took his oath on a book of laws
• Anti-slavery
• Created universities
• Reduced the national debt
• Encouraged Congress to create the Smithsonian

Proposed by Hamilton and officially became a apart of the nation on February 25, 1791.

Three reasons:

1. establish financial order, clarity and precedence in and of the newly formed United States. 

2. establish credit -both in country and oversees- for the new nation.

3. to resolve the issue of fiat currency, immediately prior to the end of the United States Revolutionary War. 

The Panic of 1819 was caused by a dramatic decline in cotton prices, a contraction of credit by the Bank of the United States designed to curb inflation, an 1817 congressional order requiring hand-currency payments for land purchases, and the closing of many factories due to foreign competition. 

*Majority of people blamed the Bank of the United States for the panic. 

*Name given to the forced relocation and movement of Native Americans from the Southeastern area of the United States after the Indian Removal Act was signed. 

*Trail of Tears, quoted "moved us to tears."