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| a form of government in which a large number of citizen males took part in day to day affairs |
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| form of religion, entertainment and story telling for the Greeks |
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| unique version of the city state used by the Greeks |
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| A warring city state in Greece in which most men trained to join the military. Since most men were out in wars women had to perform tasks that me usually did |
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| was a greek philospher, most work was done in conversation,made up the Socratic method |
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| did most work in Public speeches, best student was Alexander the Great |
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| was the student of Socrates, wrote the Republic, said that society and government could not be trusted |
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| a time of creativity and change in culture, politics, society, and economical change |
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| was a renaissance genius, painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper |
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| was a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet. he sculpted the Pieta and the Statue of David. decorated the roof of the Sistine Chapel |
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| was a Spanish writer who is known for writing Don Quixote |
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| dutch priest and humanist, who produced a more accurate version of the bible in Greek, he called for the bible to be translated into common day language (vernacular. He wrote the Praise for Folly. |
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| humanist poet, wrote a lot of love poems |
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| used secret testimony, torture and execution to find people who were against the church |
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| wrote the prince which was a handbook on how to be a successful leader of your country |
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| a family of Flornece that organized a succcessful banking of business that were huge Patrons. The most famous one of this family is Lorenzo de Medici. |
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| was invented by Johann Gutenberg It made books cheaper, it made people have knowledge of a vast category, it made books faster to make |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| was a famous pirateer that worked for Queen Elizabeth of England, he succeeded in looting many Spanish ships coming from the new world |
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| a German monk who led the Protestant reformation, he became an outlaw making it impossible for anyone to feed him |
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| when you paid the bishop money so god could forgive you for your sins |
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| was a French priest that wrote the Institutes of Christian Religion, believed in predestination, he was the founder of Calvinism |
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| was a king of England, at a young age he wasn't supposed to be king but his brother died at a young age so he became king. He had six wives, he starts a new religion so he could divorce(started the Anglican Church) |
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| when Catholics tried to stop the Protestant reformation and return things that way they were |
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| it was a law passed by Henry IV that allowed protestants to practice their religion |
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| becomes Queen when Bloody Mary died, becomes queen over Mary of Scots,she makes everyone Protestant |
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| The competition Elizabeth faced for the throne, she had a cleaner line as a legitimate cousin, however, Parliament went with Elizabeth and Mary was locked in the Tower of London, however as support grew for her, they had to kill Mary because she became a threat |
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| First major wriiten work(poem) |
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| concentrated on art, writing and culture, were a democracy |
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| lowest class on feudalism, were tied to the land, led by knights |
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| period in which there was no king leading France, Oliver Cromwell and Parliament were in charge during this time |
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| was the first to make a model in which the sun was the center of the solar system, he published a book which is known for being the beginning of astronomy |
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| supported the model of Copernicus and further proved it, his support of Copernicus caused him to get exiled, he also drasstically improved the telescope |
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| an English scientist that was the first person to recognized gravity, he also came up with the three rules of physics |
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| made by Napoleon(obviously) all men are created equally (doesn't include women) |
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| leader of committee of public safety, was part of the reign of terror, killed many people(Guillotine), was killed at end of reign |
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contained 3 classes(called estates)
top were clergy( .5% of population but owned 10% of land) Second: Nobles( were 1.5% of population, owned 20% of land)Third: Commoners: 98% of population, only owned 70% of land |
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| first each estate was given one vote, then formed national assembly in which voted by how much people were in each estate, had to meet in secret(tennis court) |
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| Oath that people in National Assembly took in a indoor tennis court, it signified the first time that French citizens formally stood in opposition to Louis XVI |
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| was a jail where political prisoners were kept, invaded to raid an armory after rumors that the king was going to come(rumors not true) |
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| Mostly agricultural, had a lot of trade with other cultures, famous for their silk and porcelain |
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| Expanded China into Tibet under Wu Hou, the brilliantly ruthless empress, had stone architecture, calligraphy, 1st wheelbarrow, gun powder, abacus, paper |
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| An army leader who gained the military support needed to overtake the government. He goes through many successful military missions (Such as through Gaul and Alesia) before being sent back. He reenters Rome (crossing the RUBICON RIVER), and is treated like a hero making many reforms. He then rules as dictator for life until he was killed in a senate meeting by the senators and his best friend Brutus. |
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Discovered by Adam Smith, said that by having more possessions (assets), it makes you more successful, people have to make money to be successful
USA is a capitalistic country, you make money by SELLING MORE THAN BUYING MORE |
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| Ivan the Great, rid Russia of the Mongols problem because he realized there were more of them, said he was the CZAR of Russia (Caesar), by now, Byzantine had fallen to the Turks and he claims himself their descendant |
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| Known as the Golden Horde from Mongolia, expert at bows/arrows and horseback riding, leader was Genghis Khan, terrorized all of Russia/Asia until the Ming Dynasty restored Chinese power |
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| By Adam Smith, individuals buy stocks or pieces of companies so they could divide the costs to build it up, the losses and gains were all shared so no one person had to risk everything |
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| A civil war in England between the 4 sons of Edward III, sons had different supporters and ended up between a fight between two families, the Yorks and Lancasters, it goes on for 30 years until 1485 when the Lancasters win and Henry VII a TUDOR becomes king Plantagenet (Edward’s family)’s symbol was a rose, the Yorks, a white rose, and the Lancasters a red rose, Tudor symbol was a red rose with a white rose inside it |
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| A series of holy wars fought for religion. 1-4. 1) Took a lot of food, 5 years to get to Jerusalem, and they succeeded in taking it 2) Led by King Louis II, they mistreat the Jews, and Saladin unites Muslims of Egypt/Syria to recapture Jerusalem. 3) Major European powers united under Richard I, but decided to turn back because Richard knew he couldn’t hold the Holy Lands. 4) Left from Italy and led to the Great Schism not even reaching the holy lands |
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A system of government in which the king has several subjects who report to him about their subjects
Those people then reported to the subjects of the king on what the people were doing. (Sometimes there were more or less reporters). It normally went
Peasant => Knight => Lesser Noble => Noble => King |
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| A period of about 200 years started by Augustus Caesar through his economic reforms and governmental stability he created. The Pax Romana ended with Marcus Aurelius’ death. |
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| The Roman Republic was ruled by patricians (or wealthy nobles) who organized the legislative which was 100 elected people called the Assembly of Centurions. They elected officials to the executive branch (Two consuls). Then there was the Senate which ruled for LIFE and there were 300 members making laws, foreign policy, approving construction and defense. There was also a temporary dictator who took power when needed (such as for war). |
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| Charles the Great, son of Pepin the Short, *ADMIRED THE GREEKS AND ROMANS*, was crowned on Christmas 800 A.D. by bribing the pope. He was the first in Europe to blend the ideas of the Greco-Romans, Germans, and Catholics that he used to spread influence and beneficial ideas. Charlemagne used the Spear of Longinus. |
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| King of the Normans who swiftly takes over England with his army in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings, They were originally under the French King, but after taking them over, they became independence and their ties become closer with Europe than Scandinavia. William the First also made the doomsday book (the first census it was made for taxing) |
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| Henry IV was originally excommunicated by Pope Gregory the VII over a fight on who had the right to appoint bishops, His dukes however want his power so he heads to Canossa (the vacation spot of the Pope) and waits outside in the snow for 3 days where eventually he meets the pope and begs for forgiveness. The pope gives him his power back and shows the Pope > monarchs. |
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| The Eastern Roman Empire split by Constantine which flourished under his control. An interesting structure was the Hagiasophia. Eventually it was overtaken by the Muslims becoming the Ottoman Empire. It was originally orthodox and was strongly tied to the Greeks. |
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| An excellent ruler who ruled for 40 years expanding the judicial government through common law believing in equal rights, and abolishing slavery, like the Abe Lincoln of their time, Main religion was Orthodox, he defended against the Turks/Arabs by inventing the FLAMETHROWER. |
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| Also known as the Bubonic Plague, it caused sickness all over the European Countries as 1/3 of the population died, it was transferred by fleas on rats and rats from Asia, it eventually died out, (people turned black after death), BENEFITS – Europe was overcrowded so the people that survived had more food, more space, more money, and were stronger than those who died |
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| Wrote the Utopia, which described the ideal society (Utopia means “nowhere”) where both men and women live in peace and harmony as everyone works and is educated. It also uses justice to abolish crimes instead of killing the criminal. |
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| Method of translating Chinese into English (Peking became Beijing), accurately did so because the Chinese were translating instead of English people |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| Never actually knew how to sail, was a benefactor who founded a sailing school. PORTUGUESE, discovered the route to China by going around the southern tip of Africa, was safe, but slow |
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| Response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation, council of Trent revises the church by saying that the pope is still the head of the church, it reinforced the idea that going to heaven involves good deeds and faith, you must also stop issuing the sale of indulgences, it lastly leads to the Spanish Inquisition |
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| A proclamation by Henry IV (Nivarre) who tolerated religious freedom of the protestants, it was later revoked by a King Louis, but for the moment, it created religious tolerance like NEVER BEFORE :O |
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A Tudor who became king because his brother died, married Catherine of Aragon (his brother’s wife), she doesn’t have a boy, marries Anne-Boleyn after he creates the church of England, he annuls Anne who bores a daughter and marries Jane Seymour who has a son, Edward, but dies during child’s birth, marries Anne of Cleves, but she is ugly so he annuls the marriage and she becomes his “sister,” Then marries Anne of Cleves who is a “horse” then Catherine Parr who outlives Henry.
Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived |
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| Illegitimate daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, known as the good queen Bess, solidified the Anglican religion; she won the war against Philip II as well as died with no heir making her the final tudor |
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| Thought he had the divin right, he strengthened the Anglican church since support = power, he made the Bible rewritten in English known as the King James version |
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| Thought he had even more supreme power than James, involved in many wars which gave him a lack of money, asked the parliament for money and after a contract took the money, then violated the contract, disbanded parliament, created a new parliament, took more money, and fought until overthrown several years later by Oliver Cromwell |
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| The deal for the money that parliament made Charles I sign, stated that the parliament had the power to tax, citizens didn’t have to feed or quarter soldiers in times of peace, there was no military rule during peace, and habeas corpus was put into effect. |
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| Between the Roundheads (Puritans) and the King (Caveliers), Oliver Cromwell was the leader of the |
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