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1520 challenged Catholic Church
this began the reformation
believed people were saved by believing in god rather than good works
disliked the idea of a pope |
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author of Institutes of the Christian Religion
predestination
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huge influence on Jefferson
majority rule
natural rights |
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structural engineer of democratic government
division of power
power must be dealt with
gov't of laws not men |
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psychologist of democratic tradition
can't jump to conclusions
moral liberty
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Candide
Philosophical Letters on the English
"The only true function of the state is to guarantee liberty of consciences to it's citizens"
"I may not agree with what you say, but I shall defend to the death your right to say it" |
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philosophy of criminal justice
treat the cause of crime not just the symptom
against capital punishment |
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cultural
political
Economical
Scientific
Industrial |
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author of The Prince
political activity could not be restricted by moral considerations
"it is much more safe to be feared than loved, when a choice must be made between the two" |
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man's escape from self imposed ignorance
German philosopher
Enlightenment
free exchange of ideas to raise everybody
"Birth of the modern mind" |
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3rd law of motion
equal to Hagles dialectic
more to life than what we see
light- color spectrum
order to cosmos |
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Leciathan
concentrate power in 1 ruler
"men, must, therefore, transfer common power to one ruler or assemble, and once set up, must be obeyed for the injustices of any ruler are never so bad as the original state of man before power was surrendered" |
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The Philosophy of History
all reality existed only in the realm of ideas
each idea contained the elements of its own negation or opposite
history is the record of struggle toward an ultimate idea of goal
"all worth a human being possesses,he possesses through the state... only that will which obeys law is truly free" |
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Beyond Good and Evil
The Antichrists
"idealism is falsehood in the face of necessity... for example, to regard the rights fo others as being inherent in them would be to enunciate a principle hostile to life itself" |
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history is hte record of exploitation of one class by another
the ultimate goal was classless society or communism
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Polish mathematician
heliocentric theory- sun centered
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German mathematician and astronomer
elliptical orbits
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German mathematician and astronomer
elliptical orbits
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used a telescope to discover more about space
4 moons around Jupiter, mountains on the moon, and space contains matter that is not like earth's |
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Discourse on Method
the separation of mind and matter also known as Cartesian dualism
"I think therefore I am"
The father of modern rationalism |
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| a form of government where the sovereign power or ultimate authority rested in the hands of a monarch who claimed to rule by divine right and was therefore responsible only to God |
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divine-right monarchy
built the castle of Versailles
strengthened the army
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extremely tall
divided Russia into provinces
Westernize Russia
built strong army |
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King James II was in power during this time
gave Catholics high positions in the gov't, army, and universities
William of Orange invaded and James fled to France
English Bill of rights were signed |
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"complete man of the theater"
best known for writing plays but also acted and was a shareholder
wrote comedies and tragedies
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| the three estates of France |
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Clergy
Nobility
commoners/everybody else |
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ruler of Russia
favored enlightened reforms
exempted nobles from taxes
expanded westward into Poland
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believed in the need to sweep away anything standing in the path of reason
abolished serfdom
established the principle of equality of all before the law |
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was king of Scotland
alienated parliment
translated the Bible |
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| constitutional system which acknowledges an elected head of state |
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was an English philosopher, statesman and essayist was
lead the scientific revolution with his new 'observation and experimentation' theory which is the way science has been conducted ever since |
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| enlightened monarchs embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, especially its emphasis upon rationality, and applied them to their territories. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education. |
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the head of the committee of public safety
took control of France
made entire nation involved in war |
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| riding of all of the people who did not want to fight for France |
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| 3 reasons for exploration |
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researched blood and heart
discovered that the heart is a muscle that pumps blood |
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| Scientific Revolution discoveries |
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heliocentric idea
improved the telescope
elliptical orbits of the planets
scientific theory should be coupled with rigid experimentation.
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dominated French and European history
commanded victorious armies
returned France to a monarchy |
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| is a significant change that usually occurs in a relatively short period of time |
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| Differences between American and French Revolution |
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French -
1. within- internal revolution
2. Involved Women
3. Disintegrated into violent chaos
American-
1. Colonial Revolution (interest of landed intellectuals)
2. No mention of women
3. Remarkably non-violent |
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