europe to americas: wheat rice sugarcane grapes horses pigs cattle goats sheep

americas to europe: corn potatoes cassava silver

european government encouraged exports and accumulating bullion-silver and gols

bullion-national prosperity

colonies provided closed markets for manufactured goods of the mother country

fueled european wars and colonial rivalries.

peninsulares: born in spain

creoles:spanish but born in americas

mestizos-1/2 spanish 1/2 indian

indians- peasant class

mulatos-black slaves(brafricans)

ruled 1556-1605

accomadated hindu majority and removed special tax on non muslims

married many but did not make them convert

incorporated hindus into the political-military elite

supported the building of hindu temples

created cult that blended islam, hinduism and zoroastrianism

constructed a special house of worship where intellectual conversations were held

imposed islamic supremacy

heavy taxation to support wars for expansion

christians in anatolia converted to islam

christians in balkan were granted considerable autonomy

jewish refugees became prominent in trade and banking circles

longest reigning sultan

restructed legal system

expanded the empire

young boys recruited from balkan communities required to learn toukish

usually converted to islam

trained for civil administration or military service

represented upward mobility within the ottoman empire