Term
|
Definition
New Kingdom; contributed wheel, clay for writing, engineering, written laws (Hammurabi code), number, literature (Epic of Gilgamesh), medicine
o Mesopotamian leaders were agents of God, opposed Egyptians who worshiped their leaders as gods
o Fell to Alexander the Great in 332 BC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6th to 13th century
period of intellectual darkness; collapse of Roman empire and rise of feudalism and guild system
o High mortality rate led to higher concern for salvation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
7th century
creed, prayer, almsgiving, fast, pilgrimage to Mecca
o Poorly structured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(mid 15th to early 16th century)
Pieta, David, Mona Lisa, Sistine Chapel, Last Supper
o Artists employed by the wealthy and powerful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 15th century)
Portuguese explorer who found direct sea route from Europe to India in Age of Discovery
o Could avoid Mediterranean and Arabia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(14th-16th century)
Located in current central Mexico; development of Western city-states
o Tenochtitlan conquered by Hernan Cortes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 14th-early 15th century)
against indulgences and selling of offices; wanted to reform the church by dismantling/rebuilding it by people, not clergy
o Executed for heresy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(early 16th -late 16th century)
people predestined to go to heaven; salvation is a grace of God, public officials are vicars of God
o Reformed Church→ Protestant Reformation, Calvinism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1555
the toleration of Christianity within Holy Roman Empire under Charles V
o Ended tension between Protestants/Catholics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(mid-16th century)
French Protestants, many fled country from persecution→St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572)
o Edict of Nantes(1598): granted Huguenots substantial rights and created civil unity
• under Henry IV of France, ended French religious wars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(all 17th century)
black magic associated with Satan; hunts correlated with religious/social tensions and increase in poverty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(early 17th century)
artistic style of exaggerated grandeur, made buildings more welcoming; replaced Gothic architechture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Late 17th century
William and Mary invade English throne, overthrow James II through Bill of Rights (1688)
o Showed power of Parliament, didn’t like the Catholic king
o Act of Religious Toleration for non-Church of England worshipers, mostly Protestants
• Not Catholics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(16th century):
economic reform; motivated colonial expansion
o Tax reform, economic protectionism
o Manufacturing and trade (West and East India Trading companies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(early 18th century)
list of positions/ranks in military and government in Russia
o Main administrative reform as Russia transitioned to autocratic state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 15th-mid 16th century)
proposed heliocentric theory, explained in Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres; combated geocentricism (Aristotle & Ptolemy)
o Displaced humans from center of universe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(mid -16th-mid-17th century)
made improvements to telescope (1609) to observe moons of Jupiter→supported heliocentricity
o Dialogues on 2 Chief Systems (1632) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(mid-17th-early 18th century)
law of universal gravitation; Father of Physics
o (1687) Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 17th-late 18th century)
philosophe of Enlightenment, Candide (1759)
o Idea of tolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(early 18th-late 18th century)
On the Social Contract (1762), only people have power to legislate, system of setting up political community
o Emile: treatise on education of whole person
o Accused of supporting dictatorship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(early 18th-late 18th century)
responsible for territory expansion and division into provinces
o Pugachev Rebellion (1774-1775): revolt to end serfdom
o Charter of Nobility (1785): more power to districts and their nobles
o Rise of public schooling and education for women
o hooker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 18th century)
pledge of members of the Third Estate
o Wanted to establish constitution
o Beginning of the French Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 18th century)
political club of French Revolution; led to Reign of Terror |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(early 19th century)
foreign policy against Great Britain, consisted of Berlin Decree (1806): allies can’t trade with Britain and their allies
o Royal Navy blocked French ports; resulted in French financial loss and Britain seeking out new markets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(4th century BC)
Greek philosopher, taught by Plato; contributed to geocentric theory
o Theories on physics disproved by Copernicus and Newton
o Influence on Western philosophy and theology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| style of art before Baroque; purposed to look imposing, used in cathedrals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mid-late 15th century
Renaissance philosopher; Oration of the Dignity of Man (1486): focus on human achievement, discovery of knowledge |
|
|
Term
| Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press |
|
Definition
(mid-15th century)
allowed for ownership of Bibles in vernacular, led to personal interpretation
o Beginning of public libraries, translations of classical works |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 15th century)
departs Spain, reaches America ‘India’
o Led to destruction of all American civilizations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(mid-14th century)
Czech preacher; criticized Church along with Utraquists on Church hierarchy; beginning of Jan Hus movement
o Asked pope to reform Church, imprisoned by Inquisition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
early 15 century
Catholic church reform, confirmed Papal supremacy
o Executed Jan Hus for heresy→sparked Hussite movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mid 16th century
declared only 4th century version of Bible is correct, good deeds necessary for salvation, clerical celibacy, validity of indulgences, papal authority
o Establishment of seminaries to have uniform education for priests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mid 16th-early 17th century
Parliament’s 2nd Act of Supremacy, made herself ruler over Church of England, separated from Rome
o Puritans: underground Presbyterian church
o Intense colonization of Ireland, defeated by 1601 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
late 16th century
Henry IV, toleration of Calvinist Protestants (Huguenots) in France which was largely Catholics
Ended religious wars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 16th-mid-17th century)
Lord Protector of England, commander of Parliamentarians
o Commonwealth of England
o Occupation of Ireland (1649) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mid 17th century
Four basic principles
o Sovereignty of nation states and fundamental right of political self determination
o Legal equality between nation states
o Internationally binding treaties between states
o Non-intervention of one state in the internal affairs of another state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 17th century)
symbol of absolute monarchy, Louis XVI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Germanic kingdom under Frederick the Great |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
16th century
planets orbit around Sun, the center of our universe
o Proposed by Copernicus→Revolutions
o Criticized by Church, both Catholic and Protestant; secular leaders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 16th-mid 17th century)
The Dialetical Method, deductive reasoning
o I think therefore I am |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 16th-late 17th century)
Leviathan, humans are selfish and must be ruled under secular absolute ruler |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 17th-mid-18th century)
The Spirit of Laws, separation of powers
o Checks and balances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(mid-18th- late 18th century)
The Encyclopedia, represents thought of Enlightenment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(mid-18th-late 18th century)
supported America against Great Britain, influenced French Revolution
o Constitutional monarchy
o Executed under high treason as citizen |
|
|
Term
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
|
Definition
(late 18th century)
result of French revolution defining rights of estates by National Constituent Society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(mid-18th-late 18th century)
ruled by Frederick the Great, king philosopher
o Economic reforms: agriculture, mercantilism, building of canals
o Religious toleration, judicial reform: abolishment of torture/corporal punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(mid-18th-late 18th century)
supported abolition of slavery
o Supported establishment of public during the Terror of French Revolution
o Member of Estates General, Constituent Assembly, Jacobin Club
o Executed 1794 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(early 19th century)
Code Napoleon, crowned emperor of France
o Limited acceptance of revolutionary gain, guarantee of equality before law and taxation of all social classes
o Government jobs go to most qualified
o Replaced feudal laws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mid 14th century
Bubonic plague, carried by rat fleas along Silk Road to Europe through trade, killed around half of Europe’s population. Started religious, social, and economic upheavals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(9th-15th century)
Land in return for service. Took care of rebelling and gave way to class system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 15th-early 16th century)
humanist philosopher of Renaissance
o The Prince (1532): modern philosophy, explains ideal ruler, ends justify the means
o Ignore religion and morality to keep order and power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 14th-mid-15th century)
Prince of Portugal. Sailing expeditions down Africa's west coast to create maps, defeat Muslims, spread Christianity, trade. responsible for exploration and maritime trade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 15th-mid-16th century)
overthrew Aztec empire, founded Spanish cities in Cuba, responsible for Spanish colonization of Americas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(early-late 14th century)
Scholastic philosopher, wanted secular rulers to reform church, believed Pope was antichrist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 15th-mid-16th century)
any salvation is from God, not indulgences, questioned papal authority, good works not necessary for salvation
o Translation of Bible upset Church, took away power from priests
o Excommunicated from not withdrawing his works at command of Pope Leo X and Charles V
-"Father" of Protestant Reformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 15th-mid-16th century)
religious leader of Counter-Reformation , Father General of the Jesuits
o Established schools, seminaries around Europe via missionaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 16th-early 17th century)
Spanish naval fleet; attempted to attack England under Elizabeth I, unsuccessful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 16th-early 19th century)
transatlantic slave trade
o England traded copper, ammunition, cloth for slaves→sold to colonies
o Colonial tobacco, sugar, rum, molasses brought to Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(16th-17th century)
English Protestants persecuted by Church of England, emigrated to Netherlands and New World
o English Reformation and restoration caused almost all to leave Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(mid-17th-early 18th century):
‘Sun King,’ absolute monarch
o King’s High Council: invited noblemen to live at Versailles to eliminate feudal aspects of France, pacified aristocracy
o The Fronde rebellion: civil war after Peace of Westphalia, responsible for absolute monarchy
o Promotion based on merit
o Economic reforms→ mercantilism, tax reforms
• Economic protectionism
o Manufacture/Trade reform: West and East India trading companies
o Religious issues: revocation of edict of Nantes (1685)
o Founding of French Academy of Sciences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 17th-early 18th century)
Romanov Dynasty
o The Grand Embassy to Europe (1697): diplomatic mission to strengthen Russia’s alliance with other European countries against Ottoman empire to get Black Sea coastline
o St. Petersburg (1703) Imperial capital of Russia
o Administrative reform: Table of Ranks
o Military reform: establishment of Russian Navy, military conscription, arms production
o Economic, cultural, educational advancements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(17th-19th century):
o New crops: clover, turnips
o Winter feeder for the livestock
o more livestock=more fertilizer (manure)
o Potato and maze
o Specialized farming: dairy, vegetable, fruit farms etc.
o Smaller farms could produce enough food for the family.
o The end of the three-field system
o Crossbreeding of animals
o Usage of the “night soil” (human waste)
o A surplus of food in Europe
o Relocation of some people to the cities
o The enclosure movement in England |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 16th-early 17th century)
laws of planetary motion, foundations for Newton’s laws of universal gravitation and motion
o Improved refracting telescope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(mid-16th-early 17th century)
philosopher of Scientific Revolution, developed empiricism or inductive method of reasoning
o Led to scientific method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(early 17th-early 18th century)
Father of classical liberalism, English philosopher of Enlightenment
o Mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa), define self through continuity of consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Smith (early 18th-late 18th century)
social philosopher, Wealth of Nations (1776): Invisible hand
o Father of modern economics and capitalism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
late 17th-early18th century
Whigs support constitutional monarchy/aristocracy, patriots; Tories support absolute monarchy, favored by royals, against war for independence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 18th century)
social hierarchy level of commoners, majority of France’s population (bourgeoisie)
o No wealth, paid high taxes, labor for first and second estate
Played main role in French Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(late 18th-early 19th century)
general, emperor of French army/France
o Inspired troops by promising them power, glory, virtue
o Civil code eliminated feudalism
o (1799) Napoleon’s coupe ended French Revolution
o Economic reforms: equal and better organized tax system
• Establishment of Bank of France
• Capital for investment and stabilization of currency
o Revolution allowed for his success and advancement in army
• Married wealthy and powerful woman
o Italian campaign (late 18th century): became national hero, no other general would invade
o Failed in Egypt but took scientists, historians, archaeologists→ rediscovered ancient monuments, pillaged tombs
• Abandoned army in Egypt, staged coupe, placed himself as first consul→made himself emperor
o Used revolutionary ideas to change and rest of Europe
o Promotion in army based on merit, not birth
o Previous nobles can come back if willing to work for state
o Concordat with church (1801): end of religious tensions in France
o Code Napoleon
o Threatened publication systems if they critiqued him
o Indirect election, stripped convention of legislative power
• Plebiscites
o Failed in Russia, battle of Wagram (1808) |
|
|
