the deity in the Islamic religion, Muhammad’s teachings are the revealed word of

Allah

the title given to the original split in Christianity between the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox Church

first major religion to teach ideas of one god. Orthatdox, Conservative and Reforms Jews are around the world.

3rd reformer of Greek democracy (came after Solon and Cleisthenes). He increased citizen participation in government, leading Athens into a direct democracy.

a 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope’s authority

he was considered the first great Greek philosopher; he used a question-and-answer approach that became known as the Socratic Method.

group of muslims who believe their leaders should follow Muhammads example

the everyday language of people in a region or country

Philip II’s Holy League, under the command of Philip’s brother Don Jon of Austria defeated the Ottoman navy, thus stopping the control of the Mediterranean by Muslim Turks

started in 1589 when Catherine died and her husband Prince Henry became Henry IV

the cabinet became the link between the monarch and the majority party in Parliament; the cabinet, over time, became the center of power and policymaking, and it is led by the prime minister

A strong appointed minister to the weak king Louis XIII, he, in effect, became the ruler of France. He increased the power of the Bourbon Dynasty by moving against Huguenots and weakening the nobles’ power

nickname for royalist supporters of King Charles I during the English civil war

inherited the throne after James I, he had many conflicts with Parliament and they forced him to sign the Petition of Right although he ignored it. The English Civil War was fought with supporters and opponents of Charles I

close to an absolute monarchy, but there are laws limiting the ruler’s power (example – bill of rights, cabinet system). The ruler really doesn’t have a great amount of power

Henry IV’s declaration that Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities

giving every prisoner the right to obtain a document ordering he be brought before a charge and hear the charges agains

huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre. First king of Bourbon dynasty in France

Ivan the Terrible. First Russian Czar, had bad childhood due to boyars. Had a good period but then sucked

inherited the throne after Queen Elizabeth I, he also unfortunately inherited all the unsettled issues of her reign, and he refused to make Puritan reforms besides agreeing to a new translation of the bible

Louis XIV’s minister of finance who believed in mercantilism and tried to make France self-sufficient

known as this in America, it was known as the War of Austrian Succession in Europe and it was when Frederick II, king of Prussia, sent his army to occupy Silesia, Austria, underestimating the strength of newly appointed monarch Maria Theresa of Austria. Maria Theresa stopped Prussian aggression, but they obtained Silesia (it ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle).

a weak king who ruled France after Henry IV’s death; however he appointed a strong minister, Cardinal Richilieu, who, in effect, became the ruler of France despite Louis XIII being the monarch

most powerful monarch in French history. “I am the state”. Weakened nobles authority. Cancelled Edict of Nantes. The “Sun King”

emerged as a general for the Puritan supporters of Parliament who could defeat the royalists supporting Charles I as monarch. He took over and established a commonwealth in England, but eventually became a military dictator. He sought to reform society and, although a Puritan, he allowed religious toleration of all except Catholics, even Jews were allowed back in England.

a representative body of the government in England. It faced many troubles with Queen Elizabeth, James I, and Charles I. It was dissolved many times mostly because it controlled funds for the monarch to spend.

son of Charles V. inherited spain, very religious and defended Catholicism a lot. Answered to the popes call to take up arms against Ottoman Empire

when Charles VI of Austria tried to get Kings to recognize the right of his daughter to rule

America’s name for the war of Spanish Succession; during this war the Hapsburg dynasty died out, the Bourbon dynasty became more powerful, but Britain gained the most from the war

this dynasty of Russia beginning the appointment of Michael Romanov (grandnephew of Anastasia, Ivan IV’s wife) as czar after the turmoil that came following Ivan the Terrible’s death. Over time, the Romanovs restored order to Russia, with a law code, and especially with the reforms of Peter the Great. This dynasty ruled Russia for 300 years, until WWI.

Starting with Ivan III, Russia began to have a strong centralized government. Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) continued this, and when he died, his wife’s grandnephew Michael Romanov took over, beginning the Romanov dynasty. Eventually Peter the Great came to power and tried to westernize Russia, since Russia was far behind western Europe due to missing out on the Renaissance and Age of Exploration. Eventually Russia became more westernized, but not quite like its European neighbors

Also known as Queen Anne’s War, it was a war in which England, Austria, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, and several German and Italian states joined together to prevent the union of the French and Spanish thrones (ended with the Treaty of Utrecht)

a brilliant physician who challenged the medical teachings of Galen. He dissected humans and wrote The Fabrica, the most accurate book on human anatomy to its day, although the publication lost him his job

an Italian philosophe who promoted ideas concerning the justice system. He believed laws were there to preserve social order, not avenge crimes and he was against torture and capital punishment

Montesquieu’s idea of power being a check to power in a government became known as checks and balances, a balancing system that doesn’t let one branch of government be too powerful

he laid important ground rules for experimental science and is considered the Father of the Scientific Method

He built his own telescope and wrote a book called Starry Messenger, which provided insight to his observations. This angered the church, so Galileo remained silent, but when he published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems he was brought before the Inquisition, forced to denounce his ideas, and had to live under house arrest until his death

the idea from Aristotle and Ptolemy that the earth was the center of the universe

committed to individual freedom, believed that civilization corrupted a persons goodness

A female who, during Enlightenment times, argued that women should have equal status to men, she wrote and essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman to prove her point

a new way of thinking about the natural world as people based new ideas off of observation and as people came to accept that not all previous beliefs were correct

He was employed as an astrologer (although he was an astronomer) and given his own island by the king and he was able to get the most accurate data of his time of the heavens. He had an artificial metal nose.

around 97% of France’s population belonged in this estate. There were three groups in the 3rd estate, bourgeoisie, workers, and peasants. The Bourgeoisie consisted of the middle class people, the workers were the poorest, and the peasants were the largest group, they made up more than 80% of the population and paid about half their income in taxes to the nobility, the church, and to the king’s agents.

part of the 3rd estate in France; they were the middle class: bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, and skilled artisans. They were well-educated and were in concurrence with enlightenment ideas. Although they were sometimes as rich as noble, they paid a lot of taxes and lacked privileges.

a formal agreement—especially one between the pope and a government, dealing with the control of Church affairs, one was made between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII and the result was that the government recognized thee influence of the Church, but rejected Church control in national affairs.

a sudden seizure of political power in a nation, Napoleon did this when becoming the leader of France

Three weeks after the Old Regime was dead and the National Assembly was controlling France, this statement of revolutionary ideals was adopted. It said ‘men are born and remain free and equal in rights” and some of the rights were “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.” Also in document citizens were guaranteed equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion.

this was issued by the National Convention and offered French assistance to any peoples who wished to overthrow their monarchy

The forceful and extremely bloody takeover by the French people. It ultimately gained nothing, as Napoleon rose to power and most freedoms were nullified as Napoleon substituted his own laws.

Followed the Storming of the bastille

An agreement signed signed between Czar Alexander I, Emperor Francis I of Austria, and King Frederick William III or prussia, this agreement made them pledge that their relations would be based upon Christian principles

A set of rules that Napoleon devised that the French Public had to follow. It eliminated many injustices

The territorial war between france and Spain, Napoleon loses 30000 men during it

The united states proclaiming that they would stay neutral to the war between britain and france

The period of time when Robespierre became an essential dictator, and gave himself, and the committee of Public Safety the means to do anything they wanted. (executions without trial)

The idea that in order to leave no supplies for the enemy behind, they would burn or "scorch" the earth.

The third estate delegates broke down the door to an indoor tennis court, pledging to stay until they had drawn up a new constitution