Term
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Definition
- Centralized political power
- Social classes (political & economic limitation)
- Occupational specialization
- Coercive military or police force
- Official religion
- Multiple levels of decision making
- Writing = record keeping
- Urban centers controlling periphery
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Term
| Different Levels of Complexity in Society |
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Definition
- Band
- Tribe
- Chiefdom (hereditary, hierarchy, agriculture)
- State (bureaucracy, writing)
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Term
| Judeo-Christian view of history |
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Definition
- Divine creation
- Linear history
- Known trajectory
- Prophecy
- Unique events
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Term
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Definition
- Medieval view of history
- Return of Christ
- Degeneration after creation
- History is universal
- History is predetermined, irreversible
- No progress in technology/lifestyle
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Term
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Definition
- All human beings (regardless of culture or race) share the same basic psychological and cognitive make-up
- Humans started off with the same mind set
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Term
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Definition
- Systematic human effort to modify the environments of plants and animals to increase their productivity and usefulness
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Term
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Definition
- Manipulation of plants and animals sufficient to cause genetic or morphological changes
- Symbiotic relationship between human and plant or animal species
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Term
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Definition
| The intentional growing of plants from seeds, bulbs or shoots |
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Term
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Definition
- Animals hard to tame depending on geography
- Domestication of plants Old World faster at developing than New World
- Americas were a few thousand years behind Eurasia
- Eurasia had Big Five (Dogs, Wild goats & sheep, cows, pigs, horses)
- World’s most important crop: corn
- Certain foods only in the New World
- His argument isn’t culture oriented
- Reasons for state-level society development: Domestication Geography East/West Bread in captivity Herding Hierarchy
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Term
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Definition
- Mesopotamia
- Land in and around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
- Moist and Fertile Land
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Term
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Definition
- 8,000 BC
- First sedentary society
- Earthen wall = protect from warfare + keep animals away
- Oldest town on earth
- Super village
- Natufian satyle houses
- Intensive agriculturalists
- Domesticated animals
- Ritual activities
- Rectangular houses
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Term
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Definition
- 6,500-5,400 BC
- Obsidian trade
- Agriculture of wheat, cattle and sheep
- First site of domesticated cattle
- Ritual activity
- Little difference between rich and poor
- Rectangular houses
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Term
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Definition
- 5,000-3,000 BC
- Relied on millet based agriculture
- Painted pottery
- Semi-subterranean houses
- Small status differences (no chief or kings in this time period)
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Term
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Definition
- Key site in the Yangshao culture
- Ditch = protect from warfare or keep animals away
- Cemetery was located there, children were buried under the house, parents were buried outside
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Term
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Definition
- 5,000-3,000 BC
- Complex houses
- Fine woven silk
- Fished, caught water birds, grew a lot of rice
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Term
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Definition
- 10,000-300 BC
- Stayed hunter gatherers until 350
- First culture in Japan
- Earliest pottery in the world
- Sedentary
- No centralized government
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Term
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Definition
| Where men and women are equal Usually hunter-gatherers |
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Term
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Definition
- Philosophical movements
- Decline of Church
- Rise of science and reason
- Classical philosophers
- Psychic unity “All men are created equal”
- Progress
- Economic growth
- Improvement in lifestyles
- Observation of primitive peoples
- Scientific progress
- Eliminating ignorance, passion and superstition
- Still believe in God
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Term
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Definition
- Lawyer and legislator in New York State
- Expert in Native American kinship
- Ancient Society (1877)
- Human society moves from one stage to another = experimental knowledge
- Morgan’s “Ethnical Periods”
- Savagery
- Barbarism
- Civilization
- Marked by material inventions
- Believes that the advance to each stage is caused by a technological nation
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Term
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Definition
- “Infancy of the human race”
- Ended with the obtaining of fish & discovery of fire and it’s use
- Feed off of fruits and nuts and live in their “original restricted habitat”
- On the brink of speech in this period
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Term
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Definition
| Situated between the invention art of pottery and that of smelting iron ore |
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Term
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Definition
| Invention of phonetic alphabet |
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Term
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Definition
- 1927
- Theory of State Formation
- American anthropologist
- Warfare is prime mover in state formation
- The Factors and Conditions
- Environmental Circumscription
- Prime land bounded by mountains, seas, or deserts
- Population Growth
- Village may become an empire
- Social Evolution (evolution of class)
- Political Evolution (bureaucracy, suppress the group (military leaders) - organs of the state
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Term
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Definition
- Biological evolution: Charles Darwin (1809-1882) -
- Theory: Natural Selection
- The Social Darwinists
- Evolution continues within human society (biological evolution stops but cultural evolution continues)
- Rejects Psychic Unity = beginning of scientific racism
- Some races more capable of progress (considered Northern Europeans more adapted & capable than others)
- Middles class evolved Primitive peoples depraved, wretched, stupid, and dirty
- Justified imperialism, colonialism
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Term
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Definition
- Born in 1818 in Prussia
- Influenced by enlightenment ideas
- Class struggle LEADS to revolution (new social formation)
- Unilinear and deterministic (automatic that there will be a revolution)
- Universal (applies to everybody)
- Agonistic
- New technologies develop/involve but relations of production stayed the same (same rules and inequalities cause stress and conflict)
- New relations of production established = new structure of superstructure
- Ideology is what makes states
- Class conflict leads to revolution
- Warfare does not create classes
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Term
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Definition
| The kind of society you live in |
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Term
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Definition
- Determined by pattern of infrastructure
- Reinforces existing relations of production
- Includes religion and laws of society
- Purpose = maintain the hierarchy and inequality
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Term
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Definition
- The way you get your subsistence determines what kind of society you live in
- Organization of production: farm, manor, factory, hunting, farming and wage labor
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Term
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Definition
- The social organization of production
- How goods are distributed
- How labor is valued and used
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Term
| Marxist stages of history |
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Definition
- Tribal (primitive communism)
- Asiatic
- Ancient (Greek and Roman)
- Feudal
- Bourgeois
- Capitalist (current)
- Communist (future)
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Term
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Definition
- Communist
- Role of irrigation
- Historian of China
- Common environmental factors of Most Early State Areas: Arid or Semi-Arid Climate
- Regular water supply from river or lake
- Limiting factors on agricultural growth
- Challenge to get water and harness it
- Soil conditions
- Temperature
- Types of available plants
- Water --- the most changeable by human intervention
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Term
| Environmental circumscription |
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Definition
- Carniero’s theory
- War creates political structure
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Term
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Definition
- Environmental circumscription theory does not cover all cases (Amazon and China)
- Concentration of resources in key areas tantamount to circumscription
- 2nd Rate
- Prime Land
- River
- Prime Land
- 2nd Rate
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Term
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Definition
| Same as environmental just that if other areas are occupied it will cause conflict |
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Term
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Definition
- Social or governmental structure
- Maintains control through control of access to water
- High densities of population around area as constraining as mountains and deserts
- Population increases
- Yellow River, Gansu Province Nile River, Egypt (environmental circumscription)
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Term
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Definition
- Study of the structure of regulatory systems in government
- Societies are an organism “Good at steering”
- Systems function based on feedback between parts
- System strives to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis = infanticide)
- Forms of feedback in cultural systems
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Term
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Definition
- Part of the output feeds back into the input
- “Runaway” effect
- Leads to irreversible change in system (morphogenesis)
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Term
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Definition
- Homeostasis is maintained despite fluctuating external input
- The change in input alters the output (restricting birth)
- New output compensates the input change
- Systems return to homeostasis
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Term
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Definition
- System that regulates environment
- Maintain a stable condition of properties like temperature
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Term
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Definition
| Biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape |
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Term
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Definition
- Full range of interactions between self-governing units
- Trade and warfare
- Same region
- Competition for resources + trade
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Term
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Definition
- Some cultures dealt an initial “better hand”
- Some had better ideology “game strategy”
- Game theory in Egypt
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Term
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Definition
- 3,600-3,100 BC
- 1st state level societies in the world
- Writing, social classes and occupational specialization
- Monumental architecture
- City grew around the temple
- Cone fresco on temples
- Gilgamesh built walls of Uruk
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Term
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Definition
- 2,850-2,334 BC
- People moved to cities (defensive reasons)
- Run by Kings
- Engaged in trade, diplomacy, warfare
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Term
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Definition
- 2334-2193 BC
- First empire of the world
- Founded by Sargon the Great
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Term
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Definition
- 2112-2004 BC
- Government and taxes
- Sumerian golden age
- Epic of Gilgamesh
- First law codes
- Ziggurats
- Greatest King Ur-Nammu
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Term
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Definition
- 2334-2279 BC
- Conquered Sumerian city states
- Story of Moses used to describe his childhood
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Term
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Definition
- 2254-2230 BC
- Grandson of Sargon
- First King to actually declare himself God
- Largest political formation to date
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Term
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Definition
- 1792-1750 BC
- First King of Babylon Empire
- Proclaimed himself as the Good Shepherd
- Military Conquest (cities in Iraq, Iran and all of Mesopotamia)
- Hammurabi’s state (taxes and laws)
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Term
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Definition
- Stele found at Susa in 1900
- Depicts Hammurabi and the God Shamash (patron of justice)
- Not properly a “code”
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Term
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Definition
- Built in 3 to 10 years
- Equipped with water supply and suage
- Marshall discovered it
- Regular grid (American suburb)
- Merchants, residents
- Sanitary city
- 40,000 people
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Term
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Definition
- Indus Valley Civilization
- Large, planned cities
- Harappan writing appears
- Still undeciphered
- No history
- No king list
- No literature
- No written evidence
- Just Archeology and art
- Jewelry
- Bronze
- Gold
- Carnelian
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Term
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Definition
- Discovered in 1960s,
- Buildings made of stone
- Citadel
- Huge water reservoirs
- Trade = wealth
- Monumental gateway inscription
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Term
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Definition
- Brownish-red mineral
- Precious gemstone
- Harappan culture
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Term
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Definition
- Jewelry= marker of wealth
- Used for trade
- Rare, blue stone
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Term
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Definition
- 2649-2152 BC
- Capital = Memphis
- Age of Pyramids
- First intermediate Period (2,150 to 2040 BC)
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Term
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Definition
- 2040-1640 BC
- Capital = Thebes
- Conquests and trade to Nubia, Syria, Libya
- Golden Age of Egyptian Literature
- Collapsed under ecological stress
- Second Intermediate Period (1640-1550 BC)
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Term
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Definition
- Asiatic people = took over the eastern Nile Delta
- Innovations (chariot, bronze)
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Term
| New Kingdom (1550-1070 BC) |
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Definition
- 1550-1070 BC
- Height of Egyptian Civilization
- Capital = Thebes
- Expansion to empire
- Burials in Valley of Kings Major pharaohs
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Term
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Definition
- Narmer became pharaoh of first dynasty
- Palette found in Upper Egypt
- 2929 BC
- Grinding up eye paint in these palettes (health, save from evil)
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Term
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Definition
- From 4000 to 3500 = population increase
- Key site in Pre-Dynastic Period
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Term
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Definition
Astute
Political maneuverer
Rule of Egypt for 20 years (1479-1458)
Female pharaoh |
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Term
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Definition
1353-1335 BC
Worships the sun disk, Aten
(1353-1335 BC)
New capital
Destroyed temples
Made priests angry
Ignored outside relations |
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Term
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Definition
(1279-1213 BC)
Rebuilt Egyptian archeology |
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Term
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Definition
(1500-1045BC)
First truly historical dynasty
Last capital excavated by archaeologists
The Traditional story of the Shang:
Founded by Cheng Tand, who defeated Xia Dynasty (wicked)
King Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin
Last King (Zhou) was a sadistic drunk, pervert, pedophile
Nature and structure of the Shang State
Sources for Shang history: oracle bones, bronze vessels, archaeology, later texts)
State ruled by a King, succession father to son, state was ruled much like feudal hierarchy, similar to feudal structures, decentralized feudal structure |
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Term
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Definition
Powerful individual
Lead troops into battle
Had control away from her husband’s
Tomb had hundreds of bronze vessels which have her name on it
Human sacrifices were buried with her
Jade objects/weapons buried with her = emblems of power |
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Term
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Definition
Consist of turtle shell and cattle bones
King is asking questions to his ancestors
Usually divided in two sections
One side positive, other side negative
Ritually prepared with holes so that when you put a stick in it it would crack
King reads will of the ancestors (sound and shape)
Will it rain? Will we win the war? Will I have a son?
More than 2000 of these were found
This was kingship = sitting in the temple with the diviners + connection to his ancestors
Used them as historical sources: meant to record King’s divinations (to prove that he was always right)
Only tell us King’s concerns |
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Term
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Definition
(1045-771 BC)
Bad King before them
Father and son action
King Wen lived in west in territory of Zhou, feudal relationship to Chang King, protested with last Chang King of his ways but then got emprisonned and got out by bribing, but died before he could defeat King Chang
Son King Wu conquered for him, took place at Muye
Mandate of Heaven ideology
Zhou capital overrun in 771 by “barbarians” |
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Term
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Definition
Create political change
Committed regicide = proclaimed that heaven told them to do it)
Claiming that they were former barbarians = created propaganda to justify what they did to the Chang |
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Term
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Definition
Southeastern coastal area
Chiefdom-level or state level
Founder of later Mosoamerican cultures
Art style
Religion
Writing-cascajal block
“ball game”
Rise of Olmec Civilization - rule of trade
First state level society
1500-400 BC
Invented Mayan calendar
Arose along the Veracruz coast
Slash burn
No Wittfogel scale irrigation there was significant trade
No salt, hard stone, obsidian |
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Term
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Definition
900-400 BC
Rose to prominence after San Lorenzo
Small island in a swamp
Cary pyramid, 105 ft high
Colossal heads, thrones, and jade offerings |
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Term
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Definition
12500-900 BC
First and Oldest Olmec city
Farming on river levees
Not a true city - a ceremonial center
Pyramids and ball courts
1150 BC, colossal heads of ruler of Gods |
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Term
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Definition
First state-level society in North
Multi-valley state, feudal hierarchy
Capital at Caro Blareo
Pyramids of Sun and Moon
Satellite centers like Sipah
Ruling ideology: ruler integrated power of sun and moon, sacrifice
Collapse due to El Nino and earthquakes |
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Term
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Definition
A sign for a complete word
Most scripts contain a certain percentage of logograms
English $ and % are logograms
Chinese is made of mostly logograms |
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Term
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Definition
A logogram that seems to depict a particular object as a form of mnemonic
No script is entirely pictographic, since many concepts cannot be drawn |
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Term
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Definition
Punning logogram in which a picture of something easy to draw is used to represent a word which is hard to draw (but sounds the same)
“bee” + “leaf” = belief |
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Term
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Definition
A phonetic system in which the visual symbols represent each syllable of the language, usually a combination of vowels and consonants
Cuneiform, Japanese Hiragan, and Linear B are syllabaries |
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Term
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Definition
A set of phonetic signs in which vowels and consonants are represented by separate signs. The fewest number of signs of any system
Many early alphabets left out the vowels |
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Term
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Definition
The same text written in two different languages.
Very useful for decipherment |
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Term
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Definition
| A sign which helps to identify or classify the meaning of the word, but which is not intended to be read aloud |
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Term
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Definition
Rosetta Stone, discovered 1799
Hieroglyphs
Demotic
Greek |
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Term
| Jean-Francois Champollion |
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Definition
1790-1832
Deciphered hieroglyphics |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| To make a bronze vessel, a clay model of the bronze vessel-to-be had to be fashioned. When it hardened, soft clay was pressed against it, taking on the negative impression of both its shape and decoration. These clay pieces were removed in sections to form the piece-molds. The model was then shaved down to become the core ( the walls of the bronze vessel would exactly equal in thickness this layer that had been shaved off). The piece-molds were then reassembled around the core. Molten bronze would then be poured into the space between the mold and the core. After cooling, the mold pieces were removed. Pre-cast appendages were often inserted into the core-mold assemblage before casting; when the vessel was produced, they became locked into place as the metal was poured in. |
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Term
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Definition
1333-1323 BC
Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty
New Kingdom |
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Term
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Definition
earliest public water tank in the ancient world
Mohenjo Daro |
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Term
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Definition
bearded sculpture wears a fillet around the head, an armband, and a cloak decorated with trefoil patterns that were originally filled with red pigment
Symbolic of Indus Valley Civilization |
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Term
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Definition
The Amorites were member of an ancient Semitic-speaking people who dominated the history of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine from about 2000 to about 1600 BC
kings in Babylonia (such as Hammurabi of Babylon) |
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Term
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Definition
10,000-8,200 BC
Sedentary before the introduction of agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that advances in technology, science, and social organization inevitably produce an improvement in the human condition |
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Term
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Definition
| The presence of several species that serve similar functions |
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Term
| Occupational Specialization |
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Definition
increased by trade and commerce craftsmen working only
on a specific skill. Ex butcher, bead maker |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of consolidating power under a central control |
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